tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58750715285954491392024-02-19T09:47:17.047+05:30New HumanismFreedom, Humanism, Human Rights, Enlightenment,.....Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.comBlogger48125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-48551156459653255692014-09-25T20:54:00.000+05:302014-12-15T17:49:32.112+05:30The Anachronism That Saudi Arabia is - 2<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">We are extremely pained to see that the Human rights situation in Arabia is getting worse day by day. There has been hope and expectations among western diplomats and heads of governments to the effect that situations will get better considering the fact that KSA sits on the Human Rights council. Now it is revealed before the entire world that any hope as to the democratization or compliance to human rights in the case of Saudi Arabia are illusions far removed from realities. While a Non Governmental Organization raised the issue of HR abuses, the position in the council was misused by the representative of KSA to obstruct discussion. The presidium had to over rule their points of order. It is to be feared that in stead of correcting themselves, they will try to do every thing in their might to corrupt even the international body. Are we going to realize that wealth is might and might is prone to be misused ? </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al- Saud has been considered as forward looking and reformist. When closely observed, it becomes clear that the very small steps taken end up as ploys to distract the attention of critics. Whatever his personal desires or hopes, his country remains a stumbling block to any attempt at a Muslim renaissance. Viewed from this perspective, the meager measures that have been publicized and welcomed by the civilized world </span><span style="font-size: large;">cannot but be understood as taken under pressure </span><span style="font-size: large;">and amounts but to calculated maneuvers. When he decided to allow twenty percent participation for women in the Shoora council, it was even<a href="http://radicalhumanists.wordpress.com/2013/01/13/small-step-but-a-historic-one/" target="_blank"> hailed as a historic decision</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let us assume that the twenty per cent will work as one block and raise issues</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">in one voice. When it comes to matters</span><span style="font-size: large;"> which</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">go beyond the Salafi interpreted clauses of Sharia, there is no chance of those getting approved. In </span><span style="font-size: large;">a society in which male guardianship is deemed a morally acceptable edict, no effective liberation of women is possible. There wont be change in dress code of women. They wont be allowed to mix with men in public. They wont be allowed to drive their vehicles if not accompanied by a male relative. Children are indoctrinated in their early years. What decisions does the king expect the women will take which the clergy can approve without challenging? The step is destined to end up a mere eye wash! </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">How can the Saudi society welcome decisions if at all taken by the women representatives if they go against the traditional norms? How far can a King go against the fanatic clergy? How can he put through reforms while persons directly opposite to his ideology are in charge of vitally important departments?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The fact that the kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an anachronism is already clear to the civilized world. How can changes be brought about? Either the Wahabi clergy should obediently bow before the monarch's wishes for reform or the Custodian of the two sacred shrines should take upon himself the additional burden of divinity. Facts of Saudi life reveal to us that neither of these is possible. </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> Repeated requests for reform have been</span><a href="http://www.centerforinquiry.net/blogs/entry/saudi_human_rights_activist_sentenced_to_15_years_in_prison/" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"> ignored</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> or crushed in revenge.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">One of the ways to bring about democratic changes is by imparting human rights awareness among the masses. Ironically, the Saudi Judiciary and its police target lawyers and activists who stand for human rights. The sentence slapped on Waleed Abul Khair is being characterized as t</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">he most heinous attack on liberty and democratic awareness in this perspective. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">Waleed Abul Khair argued the case of Raif Badawi. In this age of self expression and demands for net neutrality, blogging is a crime in Saudi Arabia. Sophisticated individuals heard the sentence of 1000 lashes to a blogger with shudder.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">There is a promise to conduct elections to Municipalities in 2015. What does the regime mean by elections? How many political parties are there in Saudi Arabia and what are their demands? Since it is not an open society, the question is meaningless. What is the use of conducting elections where human rights activists are tortured and imprisoned? It is beyond doubt that any move for creating a condition for enjoying freedom of expression is against the Salafi belief system. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Elections make sense in an atmosphere of recognizing different view points and belief systems. Shias form the largest minority in KSA - about 10% of population. Through out its history, Saudis oppressed Shias. Even Human Rights activists who advocated for equal rights to Shias are being implicated on false charges and punished. The striking case in point is that of <a href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/06/23/310468/hrw-slams-saudis-over-activist-verdict/">Mikhlif Al - Shammari</a>, 59, who was arrested in 2010. He was convicted of sowing discord. The Specialized Criminal Court on State Security and Terrorism sentenced him to 5 years in Jail on June 17, 2013. He is also barred from traveling abroad for 10 years. Mikhlif had written articles on corruption, double standards and the hypocrisy of the clergy. Though he himself do not belong to Shia community, he stood for improving ties with that minority community. Secularism is foreign to Salafi ideology. No wonder the judicial system there considers him a criminal. He happens to be the leader of the Shammar tribe which includes both Shiites and Sunnis. For more details read the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/15/world/middleeast/saudis-lonely-costly-bid-for-sunni-shiite-equality.html">New York Times article</a> dated March 14, 2014. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">His prison sentence and travel ban have been <a href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/26515">upheld by the Appeal Court</a> on 3rd July 2014. He is banned from publishing articles in Newspapers and websites as also appearing in other media.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The latest in the political crack down is the<a href="http://gc4hr.org/news/view/760" target="_blank"> report </a>to the effect that Mikhlif has been summoned to the General Intelligence Directorate in Al-Khobar city. He has been directed to shut down his twitter account (</span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/Mikhlif">@Mikhlif</a> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">) . As is customary with their police department he has been forced to sign a pledge. This time it is to shut down his twitter account within 48 hours! What to follow is his arrest any time ............ </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The democratic world wonders what, after </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">repressing pluralism and human rights activism,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"> Saudi regime might mean by Elections!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">Democracy as we understand it can succeed only when the citizen, the common voter, has a correct perspective regarding not only duties but also rights. Where human rights are crushed there is no possibility for sustaining democracy. It is with this realization that many who desire to see a democratic, secular and peaceful Arabia try to publish and circulate e-petitions for signatures so that sophisticated individuals all over the world may bring pressure on their respective governments to do what is needed for desirable transformation. Even though the rights activists are banned from travels abroad and intelligence wing is busy shutting down twitter and such other social media accounts, this anachronism is not going to last long. To speed up change, we too have our roles to play. We can join campaign on twitter. You are requested to sign the various e-petitions the links for which are furnished below:</span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica-Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Join the twitter campaign<a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%23FreeWaleed" target="_blank"> #FreeWaleed</a></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Please sign the Petition To <a href="http://www.gopetition.com/petitions/free-saudi-human-rights-lawyer-waleed-abu-al-khair.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Free Saudi Human Rights Lawyer Waleed Abu al-Khair">Free Waleed Abul Khair</a></span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica-Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join the twitter campaign <a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%23FreeRaif" target="_blank">#FreeRaif</a></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">Please sign the </span><a href="http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/free-and-safeguard-the-liberal-saudi-raif-badawy-no-600-lashes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-size: x-large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Free and safeguard the liberal Saudi Raif Badawy, NO 1000 LASHES!!">Petition To Free Raif</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The king himself has come under severe criticism by one of his former wives for his </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">brutality and abhorrent despotism - cruelty shown to his own four daughters and herself. The </span><a href="http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_11_19/My-daughters-are-under-home-arrest-for-already-12-years-former-wife-of-King-of-Saudi-Arabia-1064/" style="font-size: x-large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;" target="_blank">forced starvation of two mature women</a><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"> - be they ordinary subjects or his own daughters - goes beyond the comprehension of all who tries to weigh the king's reform proposals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"> </span><b>Join the twitter campaign</b> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"><a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%23FreeThe4" target="_blank">#FreeThe4.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;"> </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">Please sign the Petition to </span><a href="https://www.change.org/petitions/mr-ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-free-the-four-daughters-of-alanoud-al-fayez-arbitrarily-imprisoned-in-saudi-arabia-and-whose-lives-are-in-danger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #666666; font-size: x-large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Free The Four Daughters</a><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 23.5599994659424px;">.</span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Helvetica-Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Helvetica-Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><i>Without serious de-structuring of judicial and home departments, talking of reforms is nonsense. In place of a dogmatic sectarian theology, the average citizen has to embrace secularism as his new social vision. Leaving Fatwa culture to the decadent clergy, the people have to imbibe scientific temper. Rather than technology, it is the scientific outlook that should become the most serious concern of the Arabian patriots. Throwing away Hadith texts as worthless trash, in meeting the problems of 21 st century, the new generation has to get acquainted with Humanism as their outlook and guiding principle.</i></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Post Scripts:</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">1. <a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE23/031/2014/en/1280ef06-263f-4b04-b973-eb9d751af34f/mde230312014en.html" target="_blank">MIKHLIF AL-SHAMMARI SENTENCED AGAIN </a></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">2.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3;"><b> <a href="http://www.amnesty.org.au/activist/campaign-update/35993/" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;" target="_blank">Why You Should Stand With Raif Badawi</a></b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-77608901108482795642014-08-17T00:02:00.001+05:302014-08-17T20:18:35.968+05:30Free The Four Princesses<br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">The recent reports relating to Human Rights Abuses from Saudi Arabia are shocking. </span><br />
<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">The monarch has been keeping four of his daughters under house arrest for the last 13 years. They are denied food, and all other amenities for a survival. 10 days ago he had the dates on the trees in the compound cut before ripening thus creating a desperate situation where by the poor victims have no other way but to starve to death.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">See the <a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BvKA9ZRCAAEqtoe.jpg:large">words of the distressed mother</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">For<a href="http://nblo.gs/YYJqe"> background information</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Ask leaders of your countries to do what is needed to Free these unfortunate women. Share this information widely so that others may also do what they can to stop this heinous crime to human beings. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Join<a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%23FreeThe4" target="_blank"> #FreeThe4</a> on Twitter.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Thank you.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-58405897840859540042014-07-06T02:43:00.001+05:302014-07-08T03:08:58.050+05:30Update on Punishment meted out to Raif Badawy on charges of Apostasy<br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The history of charges and court rulings regarding Raif Badawy's apostasy has been published earlier. We </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">are giving below the third update on change.org petition site by</span> <a href="http://www.change.org/u/11925125" style="background-color: #f9f9fb; border: 0px; color: #4b4f4f; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Atheer Al-Ani</a> ,<span style="background-color: #f9f9fb; color: #737777; font-family: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 16px;">Magdeburg, Germany:</span></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9fb; color: #737777; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span><br />
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"Raef Badawi, a Saudi who is one of the establishers of the "Liberal Saudi Network", which angered Ultra-orthodox clerics of Saudi Arabia has been sentenced to 1000 lashes and 10 years in prison.</div>
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Originally, he was expected to be sentenced to death for apostasy, for instance, as published by AFP:<br />
“A Saudi court on Monday referred a rights activist to a higher court for alleged apostasy, a charge that could lead to the death penalty in the ultra-conservative kingdom, activists said.<br />
A judge at a lower court referred Raef Badawi to a higher court, declaring that he "could not give a verdict in a case of apostasy," a rights activist told AFP. Apostasy means renunciation of a religious faith.<br />
Badawi, who was arrested in June in the Red Sea city of Jeddah for unknown reasons, is a co-founder of the Saudi Liberal Network with female rights activist Suad al-Shammari and others.” </div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><a href="http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/free-and-safeguard-the-liberal-saudi-raif-badawy-no-600-lashes" style="color: lime;" target="_blank">The petition</a><span style="color: lime;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><span style="color: lime;"> </span><span style="color: #38761d;">demands" that Saudi Arabia free and safeguard </span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>Raef Badawy and stop threatening people merely for </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>expressing nonorthodox views on Islam or religion in </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>general, because without freedom of speech, one can not </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>counter the dangerous beliefs of extremist Islam that leads </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>ultimately to terrorism and threatens the safety of all people </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><i>around the world."</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">We request you to <b>sign the petition</b> to </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">free Raif Badawy.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> Please share the </span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">petition</span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> and spread the word.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: red; font-size: x-large;">The twitter hash tag is: <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23FreeRaif" target="_blank"> <span style="font-family: Gotham Narrow, Helvetica Neue, Roboto, Segoe UI, Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">#FreeRaif</span></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a href="http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/free-and-safeguard-the-liberal-saudi-raif-badawy-no-600-lashes" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: x-large;"> The petition link</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: lime;"> <i><b>Thank You.</b></i></span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-54069890016718968022014-06-26T02:06:00.001+05:302014-08-21T00:17:39.203+05:30Join the campaign to #FreeMubarak<span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;">Mubarak Bala, a</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;">29-year-old Ex-Muslim Nigerian has been </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ffe599; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;">forced to undergo </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;">psychiatric </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">treatment against his will by </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">his father and other family </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">members following his coming </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">out </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">as </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;">an atheist in a Shariah imposed Muslim state of Kano.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><a href="http://nonprophetess.blogspot.in/2014/06/free-mubarak.html" style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">This article</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"> will give you an idea of what happened.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;">Continuous updated information is provided </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://godlessmom.com/update-mubarak-bala-is-still-being-held-against-his-will-for-being-an-atheist/" target="_blank">here.</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; line-height: 21px;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;">An example of Mubarak's social criticism:</span></span><br />
<h2 style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></b></h2>
<h2 style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3;"><a href="http://affairsofournation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-almajiri-system.html" target="_blank">The Almajiri System</a></span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;">To get information regarding organizational activities:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif;">http://iheu.org/nigerian-man-detained-on-psychiatric-ward-for-atheism/</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;">In order to make this campaign a success, you are requested </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;">to sign the petition below and share it in social media:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif;"><a href="http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/mohammed-bello-adoke-free-mubarak-bala" target="_blank"><span style="color: #f4cccc; font-size: x-small;">http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/mohammed-bello-adoke-free-mubarak-bala</span></a></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;">The twitter hash tag is: <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/FREEMUBARAK?src=hash" target="_blank">#FreeMubarak</a> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;">P.S.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-large;">Mubarak is now free </span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: large;">Thank you for your co-operation.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-27418642000841247152014-02-09T14:03:00.000+05:302014-02-09T14:03:27.156+05:30Members of Indian Parliament, Why hesitate to enact progressive laws?<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Democracy becomes meaningless when Members of Parliament run away from the responsibility to learn new things and educate the masses they represent. Pandering to traditional evil practices might help them to remain in Parliament for some more time. When people become more aware of what is going on the world over, they will find new representatives. Action from the part of the voter is sure to compel them to change if they want to remain as Parliament Members. E- petitions have a great role in educating the unaware and thus bring about possible changes. We request you to read, sign and share the petition aimed at persuading the MPs of Indian Parliament to enact law so as to remove the discrimination against the LGBTQ community in India which finds its sanction in the Indian Criminal Procedure Code. For those who need background information:<a href="http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/12/protect-lgbt-rights-ensure-fundamental.html" target="_blank"> read this. </a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The new petition :</span><br />
<h2>
<a href="http://www.thepetitionsite.com/517/526/598/ask-indias-parliament-to-kill-outdated-anti-gay-laws/" target="_blank">Ask India’s Parliament to Kill Outdated Anti-Gay Laws</a></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Thank You for taking action.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-17566790667713613462013-12-23T00:13:00.000+05:302014-09-19T23:16:20.740+05:30It Is Time For Other Countries To Tell Saudi Arabia To End Repressions<br />
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;">Updated on 25 - 08 - 2014.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Sentenced to 1000 lashes and 10 years in prison!</span><br /><br /><br /> <br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Stop implementing the court decision!!</span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><span style="color: red;">Read <a href="http://www.change.org/p/free-and-safeguard-the-liberal-saudi-raif-badawy-no-600-lashes" target="_blank">This Petition</a>, </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">Sign,</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">and </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">Spread </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">The </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">word </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"><i>Original post as background information:</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #f4cccc;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #f4cccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is reported that Raef Badawi, an Arabian blogger has been recommended to be tried before a high court on charge of apostasy. If proved guilty by the obsolete judicial system, such accused persons are liable to be executed. Blasphemy carries death penalty under their interpretation of Sharia law.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/25/world/meast/saudi-blogger-death-sentence/index.html" target="_blank">The report </a></span><br />
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<span style="color: #f4cccc;"><span style="font-size: large;">In spite of repeated requests, entreaties and invitations of attention to actual facts by individuals, groups and organizations who have deep concern for human rights, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is reluctant to heed. Crimes decided by their laws fit only for a bygone tribal society as also equally cruel methods of punishment have made Saudi Arabia an anachronism. It is high time that other countries in the world wake up and see where the inactivity by so called democratic countries are leading the global democratic yearnings of the modern world. International fora like the United Nations will become useless if the situation is permitted to continue like this. You are invited to a CNN report :</span></span><br />
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<h1>
<a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/18/world/meast/hrw-report-saudi-activists-face-jail/index.html" target="_blank">Rights group: Saudi activists calling for change face harassment, jail</a></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Please also see the </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14133&LangID=E" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;">'Press briefing notes on Central African Republic, Egypt and Saudi Arabia' </span></span></a></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"> </span><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"><b></b></span><span class="lblnewsfulltext" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsFullText" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"><b>by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.</b></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span class="lblnewsfulltext" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"><b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></h1>
<h1>
<span class="lblnewsfulltext" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsFullText" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"><b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-size: large;">All the gains of modernity are being effaced by sweeping tides of irrationality. Can we complacently let a different dark age reign ? </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="color: cyan; display: inline-block; width: 100%;"><i>For more background information on Saudi abuse of human rights :</i></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="lblNewsTitle" id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_DisplayNewsID_lblNewsTitle" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%;"> </span></span></h1>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">1. <a href="http://radicalhumanists.wordpress.com/2012/02/28/release-hamza-kashgari/" target="_blank">Release Hamza Kashgari</a></span></h3>
<h1>
</h1>
<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<h1 style="font-family: FranklinITCProBold, HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 0.45em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">2.</span></span> <span style="color: #fff2cc;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><a href="http://m.washingtonpost.com/opinions/steadfast-in-pursuing-a-freer-saudi-arabia/2012/04/20/gIQAoAiUWT_story.html" style="background-color: yellow;" target="_blank">Steadfast in pursuing a freer Saudi Arabia</a></span></span></h1>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
<h1>
<span style="color: #ffe599;"> </span><span style="color: #fff2cc;">Let there be light!</span></h1>
<div>
<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #fff2cc;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-13885997900196774592013-11-03T21:31:00.000+05:302015-04-28T19:32:20.927+05:30The Anachronism That Saudi Arabia Is - 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large;">Updated on 11 - 10 - 2014</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #d9d2e9; font-size: large;">Even though the ban on female driving caught the attention of the international community and enough protest was raised, the authorities did not heed to the desire of the civilized world. The Saudi women and their helping male friends<a href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-activists-rev-up-women-s-right-to-drive-campaign-1.1396435" target="_blank"> have decided to rev up</a> the campaign. The online petition is becoming a huge success. We are providing here the<a href="http://www.oct26driving.com/english-petition/" target="_blank"> link to text</a> of the petition in English as well as <a href="http://www.change.org/p/saudi-government-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-lift-the-ban-on-women-driving-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9" target="_blank">the petition</a> itself.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large;">Original Post</span><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #f4cccc; font-size: large;"> Driving While Female</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One might think these are stories made up by idiots. Many do
not take such stories seriously. What if they are true? I am telling you about
the struggle of Arabian women for the right to drive their cars! The clerics, the
police and the state in Saudi Arabia are anxiously at war against women.
Literally they are! </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Women are banned from driving because the Wahhabi
interpretation of Islam has found out that if allowed, the deviation would
undermine the very structure of Saudi Arabian Islam. The country has no written
law banning women from driving. Some of them possess International Driving licenses.
The Saudi authorities do not issue drivers’ licenses to women.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Arabian Human Rights activist Wajeha al-Huwaider challenged
the ban. The video showing her driving is available on the internet. (1). This
was a message for women to drive on Women’s day 2008.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There were reports of an arrest of a woman in her 20s in
Mecca in 2009.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On Saturday, November 07, 2009 , Saudi Gazette reported
detention of two female professors of King Abdul Aziz University the previous
day.(2).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is guessed that there can be very many cases which were
never reported anywhere. Even a Saudi princess made public statement to the
effect that she had driven outside and wanted to drive in her country. (3).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rym Ghazal writing for National Geographic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>says there were protests in 1990 and 2011 and
dozens of women participated in driving opposing the ban. A CNN report mentions
that 47 women drove through Riyadh in the first demonstration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some were fined and jailed, some lost jobs and
status in society, and were shunned by a superstitious society. (4,5) . In the “Women2Drive”
campaign of 2011, dozens of women drove through streets of their cities, it reports.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A petition signed by more than 12,000 on the website, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.oct26driving.com/">www.oct26driving.com</a></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">asked the authorities to lift the ban. The online movement urging
women to drive cars on October 26<sup>th</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gained popularity within and without the country.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is said that the
site was blocked on Friday afternoon and was replaced by a message, “Drop the
leadership of Saudi women”. A leading cleric had issued a scientific fatwa to
the effect that driving could cause damage to the ovaries and pelvises! He
warned of clinical problems. (5).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the eve of the planned protest, Turki al-Faisal, the
interior ministry spokesman warned that even online support for the campaign
could invite arrest. By Friday night the campaign organizers dropped the
October 26<sup>th</sup> specification.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">France 24 reported that at least 16 women had been fined for
defying the ban. The campaign was entitled “Women’s driving is a choice”. They not
only were fined but had to sign a pledge to the effect that they would respect
the kingdom’s laws. (6). France 24 notes that this discriminatory policy is
against ‘UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
women’ which Saudi Arabia had ratified in 2000.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">According to
TIME World, “On Saturday, more than 60 women said they defied the ban, although
they faced little action from police.” It notes that men , most of them in
their 20s and 30s were active in the campaign. The help provided by men seems
to be crucial: “</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the run-up to the
weekend protest, men played a key role in helping wives, sisters and female
friends to enjoy what they believe is a fundamental right.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Since the campaign
was launched in September, they have produced videos of women driving and put
them on social networks.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">They have helped
protect the female drivers by forming packs of two or three cars to surround
them and ward off potential harassment.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And some have simply ridden as passengers with the women as
they run their daily errands.”</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(7). From their views quoted, it is clear that they have the right
perspective. This source further tells us about the now popular, “No Woman, No
Drive” video: “Alaa Wardi of Riyadh, who says he is not involved in the
campaign, has produced an online video called “No Woman, No Drive,” using a Bob
Marley song to mock comments by a prominent sheik who said driving can harm a
woman’s ovaries. It has had more than 8 million views since Saturday.” (8).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is gratifying to note that several men
knowing that their help in this respect might end up in risking jobs, getting
detained and jailed, not to speak of social ostracizing, quietly helped to
gather momentum for the movement. They know perfectly well that women are an
essential part of social revolution.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Human
Rights watch observes: "After more than 100clerics visited the </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Royal Court, the office of
the king, to protest “the conspiracy of women driving,” as one cleric called
it, the Interior Ministry issued a statement on October 23 warning that
officials would enforce the law on October 26, when women were to drive. Saudi
activists said that on October 24 a man who said he was from the Interior
Ministry individually phoned women activists behind the “Women2Drive” campaign,
warning them not to drive. He told them that officials would take measures
against all women who defied the driving ban, and that women caught driving
could be taken into custody. Some women who had planned to drive on October 26
decided against it, they said.” In spite of warnings, intimidations, harassments
and obstructions, the campaign gets strengthened with the call to ‘normalize
driving’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The authorities are out to go
to any extreme. The movement proposes to continue driving in public and posting
videos or photos of themselves online. Twelve films have been posted on You
Tube. The Guardian reports from activists: some other women had also driven but
without recording their exploits on video or in photographs.(9, 10). According
to the activists more than 60 took part which means October 26 demonstration is
the biggest of all the ban demonstrations held in Saudi Arabia. They also
report that they have succeeded in garnering 16,600 signatures on the online
petition demanding change. One of the positive features of the campaign is the
effective use of social media especially Twitter.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Joe Stork,
Deputy Middle East Director of Human Rights Watch said: “Saudi authorities are
retaliating against people who want a very basic right for women, the right to
get behind the wheel and drive themselves where they want to go. The
authorities should end the driving ban and stop harassing people for supporting
women’s rights.”(11).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 30, October
2013 (Wednesday), The Guardian reported the news of detention of Tariq
al-Mubarak who was an active supporter of the campaign. A school teacher, he used
to write in a daily, ‘Ashraq al-Awsat’. Though he was contacted regarding a
stolen car, the criminal investigation department was interrogating about his
activity in the campaign. His friends <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who went to the investigator’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>office in the hope of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bringing him back were also detained for hours
and interrogated. The Guardian says: “He said the courts in <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/saudiarabia" title="More from the Guardian on Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> did not have
sufficient provisions to deter those who threatened others against exercising
their freedoms because "rights and freedoms … are not instilled in our
culture, nor our interpretation of religion".</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mubarak, who
also works as a schoolteacher, was among a core group of Saudis calling for
women's right to drive. Around 60 women claimed they got behind the wheel on
Saturday to oppose the ban. The campaign angered the kingdom's
ultra-conservative religious establishment.”</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Global
Voices has correctly pointed out the unmistakable part played by the Saudi
Government in the ban. Tariq al-Mubarak has been in detention since 3 p.m.,October
27<sup>th</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>without access to
relatives or legal help . (12).The success of the campaign has angered the
clerics and the bureaucracy. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /></span>
<span style="color: #d9d2e9;"></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="background-color: white;">Please see the Post Script below. Tariq has since been released.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">* The petition below was delivered to:</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="column-3 first-column target">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="weak strong name">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Saudi government</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="weak small">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;">King Abdullah Al-Saud</span></span></span></div>
<div class="weak small">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;"> and</span></span></span></div>
<div class="weak small">
<h4 class="header-text h2 embossed-text bottom-margin-0 top-margin-0">
<span style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="petition-action-box-header-text">Closed</span><span class="with-supporters small weak"> with 125 supporters</span></span></span></span>
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">You are
requested to sign the online petition addressed to King Abdulla asking for the
release of Tariq al-Mubarak:</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h1>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-size: 18pt;">T<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">heSaudi King & government: Free Tariq Al-Mubarak</a></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="https://www.change.org/petitions/the-saudi-king-government-free-tariq-al-mubarak" target="_blank"> https://www.change.org/petitions/the-saudi-king-government-free-tariq-al-mubarak</a> </span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br />
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Post Scripts:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">I. Tariq Al Mubarak has been allowed to return home. We thank all members and readers who co-operated and did what they could to end his detention.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">II. a. <a href="https://twitter.com/Saudiwoman/status/406371485591154688/photo/1" target="_blank">The Courageous women continue driving- 1</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;"> b. <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/meast/saudi-arabia-women-drivers-detained/index.html" target="_blank">The Courageous Women continue driving- 2</a></span></span>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ref:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><b>1</b>.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54pRJkJ6B6E" target="_blank"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Wajeha al-Huwaider </span></a></b></span></span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009110753806" target="_blank">
</a></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009110753806" target="_blank"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Saud Al-Barakati in Saudi Gazette</span></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <b> </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. </b> <b><a href="http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/84073/Princess-raises-driving-ban-issue" target="_blank"> Princess raises driving ban issue</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <b><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></b></span></span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131025-saudi-arabia-women-drivers-protest-world/" target="_blank">Saudi Women Plan Protest Against Driving Ban</a></span></b> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">5. <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/29/world/meast/saudi-arabia-women-driving-cleric/" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/29/world/meast/saudi-arabia-women-driving-cleric/" target="_blank">Saudi cleric warns driving could damagewomen's ovaries</a></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>6 .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.france24.com/en/20131027-saudi-arabia-women-fined-protesting-driving-ban" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Saudi women fined for defying driving ban</span></span></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">7. </span></span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://world.time.com/2013/11/01/saudi-men-quietly-help-campaign-for-women-to-drive/" target="_blank">SaudiMen Quietly Help Campaign for Women to Drive </a></span></span></b> </span></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 8</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZMbTFNp4wI&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank">NoWoman, No Drive</a> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">9. </span></span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia-arabian-women-drivers-campaign-ban" target="_blank">Saudi Arabian women vow to keep up campaign against driving ban</a></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></b></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">10. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/oct26driving" target="_blank"> YouTube channel of the October 26 driving forwomen group</a></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">11.<a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/29/saudi-arabia-free-journalist-who-supported-women-driving" target="_blank"> Human Rights Watch</a></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">12. <a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/11/01/saudi-arrests-writer-for-supporting-women-driving/" target="_blank"> </a><a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/11/01/saudi-arrests-writer-for-supporting-women-driving/" target="_blank">Global Voices</a></span></span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> III . a</span></h1>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>1.</b> </span></div>
<h1 class="second-title" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 50px; margin: 6.75px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.clarionproject.org/news/saudi-women-driving-activists-sent-terrorist-tribunal" target="_blank">Saudi Women Driving Activists Sent to Terrorist Tribunal</a></span></h1>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/11/01/saudi-arrests-writer-for-supporting-women-driving/"><br /></a></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-65718468825842341242013-10-29T20:02:00.000+05:302013-12-25T21:03:03.080+05:30'Blasphemer' accused Hamza Kashgari released from prison by Saudi Arabia<br />
<br />
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">We gladly relay the news of release of Hamza Kashgari . Our previous blog-posts may be read at:</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/02/help-saudi-arabian-enlightenment-iv.html" target="_blank">Help Saudi Arabian Enlightenment IV</a></h3>
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<span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-size: large;">We hope other prisoners held up for activities relating to free speech may also be released without delay. The international communities may kindly take up the issue of freedom for the liberals in Saudi Arabia.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">For more details of Hamza's release:</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-saudi-blasphemy-idUSBRE99S0E220131029" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-saudi-blasphemy-idUSBRE99S0E220131029 </a></span></span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-61942637511782054382013-10-25T01:29:00.000+05:302013-10-27T23:01:50.395+05:30The film that is changing Kurdistan<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"A film made over 10 years with the stories of girls and women affected by female genital mutilation is tackling a taboo subject"</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/oct/24/female-genital-mutilation-film-changing-kurdistan-law" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/oct/24/female-genital-mutilation-film-changing-kurdistan-law </span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Apologetic Modernists may please stop confronting those who criticize superstitious practices. They are requested to exert all their efforts to stop this practice wherever found to exist.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">If the link does not work on clicking, please copy and paste it on the browser.</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-34316736178150769192013-08-15T03:15:00.002+05:302013-08-15T03:20:13.254+05:30Proclaim your solidarity for Saudi Liberal Raef Badawi<!-- X-Notifications: 1:023ebaed30000000 --><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-73382490722770323962013-08-02T02:06:00.000+05:302013-08-15T02:34:55.619+05:30A Stepping Stone To Secularism In BanglaDesh<h1 style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bangladesh High Court </span><span style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;">Strikes Down Jamaat-e-Islami's Electoral Registration </span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We applaud the landmark ruling by the three member </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">high</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"> court panel. August 1, 2013 has become a very </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">important day to remember for all activists in BanglaDesh </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">who yearn for a Secular BanglaDesh. Not knowing the </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">real</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"> nature </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">(1.a,b) </span></span><span style="color: cyan;">of this Islamo-fascist dragon, the people </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">of </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">BanglaDesh have suffered much. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">This is only a stepping stone. This particular Islamist party </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">(Jama at e Islami) </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">is</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"> adept at playing all types of political </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">gimmicks and </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">fraudulent</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"> strategies and tactics. One </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">probable step is their </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">infiltration in to other Salafist </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">organizations which are not </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">under ban. There is a potential </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">danger of these virile </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">elements succeeding in heating up </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">extremist Jihadi </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">enthusiasm among the devout youth </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">creating theological </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">bridges. Perhaps JI's literary arsenal </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">already has enough of </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">such popular guide books which are </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">actually exercises in </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">misguiding and criminal </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">misinterpretations. It is up to the </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">executives in the Police </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">Department to confiscate such stuff </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">and prevent </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">propagation </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">of Jihadi incitement materials in </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">the </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">country. We hope that the secular activists in Bangla </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">Desh will be cautious and realize the fact that Islamic holy </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">books including the Qur'aan have inflammable contents. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">While Rationalists, Humanists and Atheists point out such </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">bitter truths some people are seen labeling us with </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">Islamophobia crying out loud pointing accusing fingers </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">unnecessarily as if they are hurt. It is of no use accusing </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">critics of Islam. If these apologists want peace and </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">harmony,</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">they are to confront the Jehadi extremists and not </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">Secular Humanists. We would like to forewarn the ruling </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">parties in BanglaDesh against persecuting the genuine </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">secularists. It is their bounden duty to assure that freedoms </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">of c</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">onscience and expression are safe guarded in the case </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">of Rationalists, Humanists and Atheists. No amount </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">of </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;">misinterpretation by political ignoramuses,whose eyes are </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">on vote banks only, can alter the fact that these secular </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">activists are the lighthouses in the grim darkness of cultural </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">dogmatism bound to prevail in a country dominated </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">by blind faith and superstitions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">We congratulate the peace loving people of BanglaDesh in </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">having been granted the opportunity of legal support in their </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: cyan;">march to freedom and prosperity. Cheers!!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;">(1)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;"> a.</span></span><span style="color: #474747; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"> </span><a href="http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/03/what-they-mean-by-jihad.html">http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/03/what-they-mean-by-jihad.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;"> b</span>. </span><a href="http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/04/jama-at-e-islami-unmasked-2_6347.html">http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/04/jama-at-e-islami-unmasked-2_6347.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">(2)</span> </span><a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323681904578641530401992180.html">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323681904578641530401992180.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">(3)</span> </span><a href="http://www.tehelka.com/bangladesh-hc-cancels-registration-of-jamaat-e-islami/">http://www.tehelka.com/bangladesh-hc-cancels-registration-of-jamaat-e-islami/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">(4)</span> </span><a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/03/please-join-this-campaign-ban-jamaat-e.html">http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/03/please-join-this-campaign-ban-jamaat-e.html</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-79698589181791370802013-04-20T03:08:00.000+05:302013-04-20T03:08:19.391+05:30Join The International Movement For Freedom Of Expression<br />
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<tr valign="top"><td rowspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; width: 48px;" width="48"><a href="https://twitter.com/i/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAbooHikma%2Fstatus%2F325351765174259712%3Frefsrc%3Demail&sig=6c03378e8842c09974b67eed3388170135a5af02&uid=103961595&iid=f093bd85-29fa-4e6f-bd91-fe1719836aee&nid=6+271&t=1" style="border: none; color: #0084b4; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt=" Abdul Majeed" height="48" src="https://si0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_reasonably_small.png" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; border: 0px; min-height: 48px; width: 48px;" width="48" /></a></td><td rowspan="2" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;" width="10"></td><td height="24" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; width: 442px;" valign="bottom"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="3" dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Religious believers and Atheists, Freedom of <br /><br />Expression is a Fundamental Human Right<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://t.co/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FwvHjJ45S8f&sig=6d7b59f2f9cde02ff55ca2cb23e09ca3c0c350fc&uid=103961595&iid=f093bd85-29fa-4e6f-bd91-fe1719836aee&nid=6+276&t=1" style="border: none; color: #0084b4; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">wp.me/p1zVK2-4I</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="3" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://twitter.com/i/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAbooHikma%2Fstatus%2F325351765174259712%3Frefsrc%3Demail&sig=6c03378e8842c09974b67eed3388170135a5af02&uid=103961595&iid=f093bd85-29fa-4e6f-bd91-fe1719836aee&nid=6+275&t=1" style="border: none; color: #bbbbbb; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">02:24 AM - 20 Apr 13</a></td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-46219785188178800792013-03-24T00:51:00.000+05:302013-03-24T01:21:54.826+05:30Please join this campaign: Ban Jamaat-e-Islami...<!-- X-Notifications: 1:14bef2acd0000000 --><br />
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Abdul Majeed</div>
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Please join this campaign:<br />
Ban Jamaat-e-Islami from Bangladeshi Politics<br />
<br />
<a class="ot-anchor" href="https://www.causes.com/actions/1730991-ban-jamaat-e-islami-from-bangladeshi-politics" rel="nofollow">https://www.<wbr></wbr>causes.com/actions/1<wbr></wbr>730991-ban-jamaat-e-<wbr></wbr>islami-from-banglade<wbr></wbr>shi-politics</a></div>
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<span style="margin-right: 5px;">For their shameful work during war time, people renamed them as Razakar, which means collaborators in english. Their chief leaders, e.g. Golam Azam, Abbas Uddin Khan, Matiur Rahman Nizami, Delwar Hoss...</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-80851641580305637852013-03-20T00:47:00.000+05:302013-03-20T00:47:24.010+05:30Malala attends school in Birmingham<h2>
<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-large;">Pacifying fears and anxieties of humanists and well wishers all over the world, media report Malala Yousafzai's first day at Edgbaston High School in Birmingham:</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-21846817</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white;">http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/19/174749963/malala-pakistani-teen-shot-for-demanding-an-education-attends-school-in-u-k</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red;"><span style="color: white;">http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-93008-Malala-attends-school-for-first-time-after-shooting</span></span><br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-50754191842967704092013-02-06T00:37:00.003+05:302013-11-02T13:45:51.175+05:30Help Saudi Arabian Enlightenment IV<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">It is known to the whole world that Hamza Kashgari, the Arabian writer, has been detained in Saudi prison illegally. His friends, relatives and the whole world have been sending entreaties, petitions and requests to the authorities for getting him released. Even after one year, the authorities seem not to heed. It is high time all the lovers of freedom of speech and conscience rise up against dark age superstitions and speak for the liberty of an individual to hold his own opinion regarding faith and to let other people know his thoughts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kindly sign the petition below:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/Free_Hamza_Kashgari_lHry_lHmz_kshGry/" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: black; color: red;"> http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/Free_Hamza_Kashgari_lHry_lHmz_kshGry/ </span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">(If mouse click doesn't take you to the site, kindly copy the link and paste it in your browser)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Please spread the word....................</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"> For earlier posts on the topic:</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: large;">'1. A letter to the Attorney General' </span></span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: #141414; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: cyan; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><b>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dm4z6Sy-</b></span><b style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px;">BCA&lr=1</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b>To see the text and more about him ,his writings e</b></span></span><b style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">tc.</b></span></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #0b5394; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">in Arabic</b><b style="background-color: white; color: #0b5394; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> ,</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">see</span></span><br />
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<h1 id="site-title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 700px;">
<span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://messagesa.wordpress.com/" rel="home" style="border: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;" title="الحرية أولا"><span style="color: white;">الحرية أولا</span></a></span></h1>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"> below</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">http://messagesa.wordpress.com/</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">P.S. <a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/10/saudi-blasphemer-hamza-kashgari.html" target="_blank">Hamza Kashgari released</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Hearty thank you to all who supported him!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We are happy Hamza, Congratulations!!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-31097847413146796812013-01-17T06:16:00.000+05:302013-01-19T03:50:56.640+05:30Help the campaigns for freedom of expression in Muslim communities I<br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">1. Ben Baz,
Egyptian atheist, arrested for blasphemy in Kuwait<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Abd el Azeez </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 40px;">Muhammad</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 40px;"> Al Baz is a 27 year old Egyptian blogger</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 40px;"> arrested in Kuwait .</span></b></span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.michaelnugent.com/">http://www.michaelnugent.com/</a></b></div>
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<div class="column-9 first-column petition-target" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; float: left; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 556px;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #8e7cc3; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">2. </span> <a data-toggle="{"parent":".petition-target","selector":".target-list-wrapper","slide":150}" href="http://www.change.org/petitions/government-of-kuwait-free-humanist-atheist-activist-abdel-aziz-mohamed-albaz?utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=url_share&utm_campaign=url_share_after_sign" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Petitioning Government of Kuwait </a>:</b></span></span></h4>
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<h4 class="h4 stealth bottom-margin-half" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 7.5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-color: initial; border-style: initial; font: inherit;"><a data-toggle="{"parent":".petition-target","selector":".target-list-wrapper","slide":150}" href="http://www.change.org/petitions/government-of-kuwait-free-humanist-atheist-activist-abdel-aziz-mohamed-albaz?utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=url_share&utm_campaign=url_share_after_sign" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 41px;">Government of Kuwait:</span></span></h4>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 41px;"> Free humanist/atheist activist Abdel Aziz Mohamed Albaz</span></span></h4>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3d85c6;"> <a href="http://www.change.org/petitions/government-of-kuwait-free-humanist-atheist-activist-abdel-aziz-mohamed-albaz?utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=url_share&utm_campaign=url_share_after_sign#share" style="background-color: white;">http://www.change.org/petitions/government-of-kuwait-free-humanist-atheist-activist-abdel-aziz-mohamed-albaz?utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=url_share&utm_campaign=url_share_after_sign#share</a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-17502632285373179042013-01-08T01:45:00.001+05:302013-01-19T03:19:26.141+05:30Help Saudi Arabian Enlightenment III<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: red; font-size: x-large;">3.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Saudi Girl ,15, Flees Arranged 'Marriage' to avoid octogenarian</span> </i><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;">The social media boils with anger as more and more </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;">cases of child marriage draw attention to the need </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;">for arriving at a minimum age for marriage in Saudi </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;">Arabia. </span><br />
<a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/mad-mad-world/Saudi-teen-hides-on-wedding-night-to-avoid-90-year-old-husband/articleshow/17929316.cms" style="background-color: white;">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/mad-mad-world/Saudi-teen-hides-on-wedding-night-</a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/mad-mad-world/Saudi-teen-hides-on-wedding-night-to-avoid-90-year-old-husband/articleshow/17929316.cms" style="background-color: white;">to-avoid-90-year-old-husband/articleshow/17929316.cms</a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20936800">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20936800</a> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3;"><br /></span><a href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/01/07/259048.html" style="background-color: white;">http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/01/07/259048.html</a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">4.</span> </span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">Saudi Arabia's Human Rights Commission </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">says they </span></span></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">believe</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">he is 86 <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;"> </span></span><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/09/world/meast/saudi-teen-divorce/index.html">http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/09/world/meast/saudi-teen-divorce/index.html</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/09/world/meast/saudi-teen-divorce/index.html">http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/09/world/meast/saudi-teen-divorce/index.html</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large;">2.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"> </span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"> 47 year old weds 8 year old</span></i></span><br />
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<a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/04/30/saudi.child/index.html">http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/04/30/saudi.child/index.html</a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: red; font-size: x-large;">1.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i>Help </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i>Human Rights activists</i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> in their</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> efforts</span></span></i></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><span class="Apple-style-span"> to put an end to</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i> Child Marriages</i></span></span></span><br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-24529734480473941912012-12-29T22:13:00.000+05:302013-01-24T17:24:18.611+05:30Help Saudi Arabian Enlightenment II<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: yellow;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fce5cd;">8. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 36px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 36px;">S</span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">audi King Intr</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;">oduces Reforms…………</span></b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Small step, but a historic one!</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #073763;">We welcome the decision by
His Majesty, the benevolent King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia
empowering women</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">Twenty per cent quota has been set apart
for women in the shura, the top consultative body. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">As per the first amendment (Article 3),
women will constitute twenty per cent out of the 150 Shura council members.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"> As
per the second amendment (Article 22), women will have all the membership
rights in accordance with the tasks entrusted to them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">We recognize that the King is under heavy
conservative – theological constraints.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">Conforming to the tradition, Hijab(Veil)
and separate places for office, equipments and prayer are insisted. This amply
shows that real reform under Allaah’s scriptural guidance and Shariah is
impossible. Another glaring fact is that even enlightened and benevolent rulers
cannot bring about satisfactory changes in an Islamic regime where the majority
of population is fanatic believers. Though this part of his decision does not
come up to the modern humanistic standards and sophistication, we would like to
temporarily ignore ‘unrealistic and extreme’ views.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">We hope that the women nominated would
do their utmost to utilize this opportunity opened before them for the benefit
of all women in the kingdom. </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">We hope
that their work will make it possible to re-interpret Islamic concepts so as to
make them compatible with the 21<sup>st</sup> century world order. We also hope
that His Majesty the king will exert his good grace to bring in an
atmosphere of fair chance for free thought and humanistic expressions which
will prove beneficial to the welfare and satisfaction of the progressive sections
of society.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">We extend our best wishes to the King
and the people of Saudi Arabia. We call upon the progressive section of the
Saudi society to take upon themselves the task of educating the comparatively
less fortunate among their people so as to herald a New Enlightenment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;">It is up to the Humanist activists,
Human Rights agencies and intellectuals with scientific outlook to create ways
and means for educating the masses taking in to account the limitations of
existing constitutional – legal situation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: xx-large; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;">Humanist individuals
have the potential to create ever widening and increasing ripples. Let us be
positive and optimistic.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3d85c6;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: xx-large; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: xx-large; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<div style="font-size: xx-large;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ................................................................................................................................</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;"> We salute </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;">Saudi
intellectuals,</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;"> Turki al-Hamad, Raef Badawi, </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;"> Hamza Kashgari, Sultan Assalal ...</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;">O</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 42px;">ur brothers in the
march for</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 42px;"> freedom of expression</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 37px; line-height: 42px;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="h1 embossed-text" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font: inherit; line-height: 41px; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: blue; font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">7. </span><span class="Apple-style-span">Defend Raif Badawy, a liberal Saudi ,</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="h1 embossed-text" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font: inherit; line-height: 41px; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f4cccc; color: blue; font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span">accused of "Apostasy"</span></span></h1>
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></span><br /></div>
<h1 class="headline" style="font-size: 26px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.21em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Saudi rights activist faces apostasy charge</span></span></span></span></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: yellow;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://uk.news.yahoo.com/saudi-rights-activist-faces-apostasy-charge-154957146.html">http://uk.news.yahoo.c</a></span><a href="http://uk.news.yahoo.com/saudi-rights-activist-faces-apostasy-charge-154957146.html">om/saudi-rights-activist-faces-apostasy-charge-154957146.html</a></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"></span></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #274e13; color: white; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;">Send Appeals to </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;">authorities</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"> to drop all charges and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;">release</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #274e13; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #274e13; line-height: 16px;">him unconditionally:</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #0b5394;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"> </span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa00313.pdf">http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa00313.pdf</a></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: large;">or</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;">6.<b> </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; line-height: 21px;"><b><u>Women and Saudi Arabia</u></b></span></span></div>
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<h1 class="entry_title" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.15em !important; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">Saudi Arabia implements electronic tracking system for women</span></b></h1>
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<b><a href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/11/22/saudi-arabia-implements-electronic-tracking-system-for-women/" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/11/22/saudi-arabia-implements-electronic-tracking-</a></b></div>
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<b><a href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/11/22/saudi-arabia-implements-electronic-tracking-system-for-women/" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">system-for-women/</a></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #274e13;">&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&</span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><br /></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: cyan; font-size: x-large;">1. A letter to the Attorney General</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;">( Hamza Kashgari )</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">By </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000984042943"><span style="color: blue;">Anood AlQahtani</span></a><span style="color: red;">, </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=523849715" style="color: red;">Clara A Connolly</a><span style="color: red;"> and </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/moragfulton"><span style="color: blue;">Morag Fulton</span></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> in</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/217865731642049/">Free Hamza Kashgari</a> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/217865731642049/doc/224546050974017/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/217865731642049/doc/224546050974017/</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.”</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;"> –John Stuart Mill</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">What does it mean to feel one’s historical responsibility? It is that, after finishing reading this statement and this message, and posting your name at the end, you are reassured that the dream that captured Martin Luther King’s imagination, and Mahatma Gandhi’s, and Dorothy Irene Height’s, and all the free people of the world and in history, who have died without it. For the rights to freedom and justice and equality of their people have been achieved. Therefore we write this statement and this message to the “general prosecutor”, phrased in a manner in which he understands and that is understood by the next generation of our people, so the</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 60px;">next generation can understand the amount of damage and destruction that was caused by those that lived before them. Either they learn well from that lesson, or they can suffer the consequences.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 60px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">On the 12th of February 2012, the Saudi </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">government returned our beloved friend Hamza Kashgari from Malaysia,</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">overwhelmed, on a private jet after he ran from the oppression of the death threats he had received. The world never looked so grim for him. The reason why? Because he wrote what was on his mind, and said of the Prophet (pbuh), “I loved things about you and hated others,” and they became angry with him. How dare he say, “I hated things about you,” and expressed what’s in his soul? Then he said to the Prophet: “I will not pray for you and I will not bow to you and I will shake your hand as your equal,” and voices attacked him, many calls were made to kill him, his addresses were published and the majority of people went </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">w</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">ith it. Then the King issued an order to arrest him and subject him to the general prosecution and interrogation. Despite leaving the country mere hours before the fact, seeking refuge, it was still of no use as Malaysia deported a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">nd</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; line-height: 60px;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; line-height: 60px;">delivered him.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow; line-height: 60px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">At the same time as we write this </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">statement and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">this message, our beloved friend Hamza Kashgari sits behind bars awaiting his </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">unknown fate. The angry voices have not subsided to any extent, until the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">“general prosecutor” of Jeddah stated to a local paper that a court case is </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">being made against Hamza and all those who encouraged, agreed, and otherwise </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">supported him on Twitter. Then suddenly lists were established and peoples’ </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">investigative courts were initiated; either you reject what he said and demand </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">his execution, thus saving yourself but losing your soul, or go with the other </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">way that many friends have gone, and focus on the fact that Hamza repented and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">retracted all that he said. In other words, through forgiveness, and you don’t </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">win your soul here, you’d just be lying and deceiving yourself- for this way, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">you’re with the first group of people, but you accept his repentance and they </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">don’t. So what stands behind the two aforementioned paths? It’s that no one else </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">talks, that people become silent about what is inside them, and they agree with </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">the others on matters that they don’t really agree with them on. That way they </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">lose themselves and their individuality and assimilate with the masses and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">become hypocritical with them, even if they don’t approve and it’s out of their </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;">hands.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">So in this message and this statement to the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">“general prosecutor”, who made the aforementioned statement, we say to him that </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">we, who have written our names at the bottom of the message and in the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">comments, refuse Hamza’s trial and his being forced to repent and we demand he </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">be released at once and protected. To make matters easier for you in trying to </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">search and investigate and prosecute, we with our names encourage fighting an </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">idea with another using embedded convictions that are strong, not frail. Not </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">using arrests and punishment. We support all of those who would like to speak </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">their minds and express what is in their souls ,and write and speak and raise </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">their voices high with what they want to say. Not with what we want, and not </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">with what the angry mob wants, and with all those international declarations </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 40px;">signed to preserve human rights and freedoms, which were signed by the Saudi</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; line-height: 40px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">government </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">bu</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">t were worked against and deviated away from. We make sure to acknowledge that we often disagree with each other and criticize, to the extent that we tell you, the “general prosecutor”, that these names you see and read are ready to sacrifice their lives so any citizen can state and otherwise express their opinion.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 30px;">We believe that we are being tested now and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">either be or not be. We are either true to ourselves and our principles and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">values that we believe in, for our nation and its future, in calling for its </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">rights and freedoms both in conscience and creed, for every citizen living </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">around us, and standing up to the deviation of the government away from the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">international accords that it signed, guaranteeing human rights and freedoms.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 60px; text-align: justify;">Or else we are just posers with no principles or values, speaking what we don’t believe, and having no hope that the next generation would be able to resist this governmental deviation. Of freedom and justice and equality, terms that</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 60px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">pass by the awareness of many at this time, and of many others who have not felt the historical responsibility they have t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">owards their nation</span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"><b>we are :<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"><b>Ebthal Al-Mubarak , Ahmad Osama Jambi , Anwar Ali
Al-Sumaikhy, Albra’a Sameer Falodah, Anoud Bader Al-Qahtani, Alhumaidi
Al-Obaisan, Jehad Mahmoud Al-amasy , Hagar Mahdy Hussain, Majid Dohan Al-yammy,
Mohannad Adel Najjar, Nada Alqatar mohammad Al-Shehry, Nouf Hadi Al-Harbi,
Salem Fawzi bejneed, Sara Bader Al-Qahtani,Sahel Mansour Alruwaily, Sultan
Makki Al-sawwaf ,Abdullah Sulaiman Al-Harbi, Abdulrahman Ayman bajawdah ,
Abdullrahman musa Al-faqeeh , Abdulrahman Salman Al-ali, Abdulrahman harakaty ,
Essa Salman Al-feefy, Omer Al-tamimy, saleh hameed matar al-anezy, raya
Muhammad al-shareef , thumar mahmoud al-marzougi, khobaib zuhair Osailan<o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ead1dc;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">* The video version of t</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">he letter :</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #f4cccc; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRf9I07Lvgk&feature=youtu.be" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRf9I07Lvgk&feature=youtu.be</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ead1dc; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-size: large;">Links to Petitions</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ead1dc; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">2. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">One of the first petition captions on this cause is:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">Saudi government,
Interpol and Malaysian government: Freedom for Hamza Kashgari</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><b>And the link to it :</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.change.org/petitions/saudi-government-interpol-and-malaysian-government-freedom-for-hamza-kashgari" style="background-color: black;">http://www.change.org/petitions/saudi-government-interpol-and-malaysian-government-freedom-for-hamza-kashgari</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">Another one is:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: large;">End Death Calls for</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Saudi Poet and Blogger</span></span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;">A</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;">ll the friends are requested to furnish these links also</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;">
along with their requests for support to the cause. A smart </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;">activist can encourage 10 friends a day. Let us make our </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;">endeavor a historic success!</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">4. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 36px;">Your atte</span><span style="line-height: 36px;">ntion is invited to a related event: </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 36px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;">In</span></span><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/GrowingScience/t/e59fb79c99357512" target="_blank"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-color: black;">ternational Day of Action to Defend</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;">Blasphemers and Apostates</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 36px;">Kindly go to the link:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><a href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/2012/03/02/14-march-2012-international-day-of-action-to-defend-blasphemers-and-apostates/" target="_blank">http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/2012/03/02/14-march-2012-international-day-of-action-to-defend-blasphemers-and-apostates/</a>><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">by
Maryam Namazie</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt;"> </span><<a href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/?author=3676" target="_blank">http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/?author=3676</a>></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">The following ten cases are highlighted:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Hamza Kashgari</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/2012/02/13/freedom-for-hamza-kashgari/" target="_blank">http://freethoughtblogs.com/maryamnamazie/2012/02/13/freedom-for-hamza-kashgari/</a>>,<br />
Saudi Arabia: 23 year old Muslim, charged with blasphemy for tweeting about<br />
Mohammad and women’s status<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Alex Aan</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> <<a href="http://ex-muslim.org.uk/2012/01/in-defence-of-alex-aan/" target="_blank">http://ex-muslim.org.uk/2012/01/in-defence-of-alex-aan/</a>>,<br />
Indonesia: 30 year old atheist, charged with blasphemy for saying there is<br />
no god on Facebook<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Asia Bibi</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> <<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11930849" target="_blank">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11930849</a>>,
Pakistan:<br />
45 year old mother of five, sentenced to death for blasphemy for ‘insulting<br />
Mohammad’<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Yousef Nadarkhan</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">i<<a href="http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/middle-class-guy/2012/feb/26/iran-lynch-pastor-yousef-nadarkhani-say-nothing-do/" target="_blank">http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/middle-class-guy/2012/feb/26/iran-lynch-pastor-yousef-nadarkhani-say-nothing-do/</a>>,<br />
Iran: 34 year old sentenced to death for apostasy for converting to<br />
Christianity<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Nabil Karoui</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://amnesty.org/en/news/tunisia-must-drop-charges-against-tv-boss-over-persepolis-screening-2012-01-20" target="_blank">http://amnesty.org/en/news/tunisia-must-drop-charges-against-tv-boss-over-persepolis-screening-2012-01-20</a>>,<br />
Tunisia: charged with ‘violating sacred values’ for showing the film<br />
Persepolis<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Saeed Malekpour</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1132483--saeed-malekpour-a-canadian-on-iran-s-death-row" target="_blank">http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1132483--saeed-malekpour-a-canadian-on-iran-s-death-row</a>>,<br />
Iran: sentenced to death for ‘insulting and desecrating Islam’<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Muhammad Samiullah</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/02/pakistan-drop-blasphemy-charges-against-17-year-old" target="_blank">http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/02/pakistan-drop-blasphemy-charges-against-17-year-old</a>>,<br />
Pakistan: 17 year old, charged with blasphemy, for ‘derogatory remarks’<br />
about Mohammad on his exams<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Adel Imam</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/02/egyptian-comic-adel-imam-jailed-islam" target="_blank">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/02/egyptian-comic-adel-imam-jailed-islam</a>>,<br />
Egypt: comic actor jailed for three months for ‘insulting Islam’</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sarwar Penjweni</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://www.mesop.de/2012/02/01/protect-the-life-of-sarwar-penjweni/" target="_blank">http://www.mesop.de/2012/02/01/protect-the-life-of-sarwar-penjweni/</a>>,<br />
Iraqi Kurdistan: threatened for researching Islam and Quranic texts.<br />
</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Lanja Abdulla </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><<a href="http://www.warvin.org/english.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.warvin.org/english.aspx</a>>,
Iraqi Kurdistan:<br />
Director of Warvin Foundation for Women Issues threatened at a public<br />
meeting for challenging religious authority</span></span></div>
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</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">The following are the initial signatories:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;">
</span>
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<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Houzan Mahmoud, Spokesperson of Organisation
of Women’s Freedom in Iraq-UK
Maryam Namazie, Spokesperson, One Law for All and Equal Rights Now –
Organisation against Women’s Discrimination in Iran, UK
Evelyne Accad, Professor Emeritus University of Illinois and Lebanese
American University, USA
Mina Ahadi, International Committee against Stoning, Germany
Mahin Alipour, Director, Equal Rights Now – Organisation against Women’s
Discrimination in Iran, Sweden
Evan Darraji, Writer and Artist, Iraq
Patty Debonitas, Iran Solidarity, UK
Deeyah, Music Producer, Norway/USA
Jani Diylan, Journalist, USA
Tarek Fatah, Muslim Canadian Council, Canada
Tahir Gora, Editor and Publisher, Canada
Laura Guidetti, Feminist Activist (Marea), Italy
Maria Hagberg, Chairperson of the Network against Honour Related Violence,
Sweden/Iraq
Asos Hardi, Director of Awene newspaper, Kurdistan-Iraq
Farzaneh Hassan, Writer, Canada
Marieme Helie Lucas, Secularism is a Women’s Issue, France
Sundas Hoorain, Pakistani Human Rights Lawyer, UK
Monica Lanfranco, Journalist (Marea), Italy
Nahla Mahmoud, Director, Sudan: Non-Religious out loud, Sudanese Humanists
Group, UK
against Women’s Discrimination in Iran, UK
Hassan Radwan, Management Committee, Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain, UK
Nina Sankari, European Feminist Initiative, Poland
Sohaila Sharifi, Women’s Rights Campaigner, UK
Issam Shukri, Defence of Secularism and Civil Rights in Iraq, Canada
Sargul Ahmad, Women Organization in Iraq, Canada
Abbas Kamil, Unity Against Unemployment in Iraq, Iraq</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">*****************************************************************</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><br /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">5.</span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-size: large;">You are invited to watch a related video:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><span style="color: #ead1dc; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vv7VdQNC8Yc">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vv7VdQNC8Yc</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 10.4pt;"><br /></span>
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</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 8.5pt;">
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 8.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-84221704405976175712012-10-18T00:06:00.000+05:302013-01-04T22:29:02.241+05:30In solidarity with Malala<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">12.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">Malala discharged from Birmingham </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">Hospital</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/04/malala-yousafzai-discharged-birmingham-hospital">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/0</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/04/malala-yousafzai-discharged-birmingham-hospital">4/malala-yousafzai-discharged-birmingham-</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/04/malala-yousafzai-discharged-birmingham-hospital">hospital</a></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; line-height: 17px;">11.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: cyan; color: #3c3d3d; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 32px; line-height: normal;">Obama edges out Malala</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: cyan; color: #3c3d3d; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 32px; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barack-obama-edges-out-malala-yousufzai-to-be-named-times-person-of-the-year/311339-2.html">http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barack-obama-edges-out-malala-yousufzai-to-be-named-times-person-of-the-year/311339-2.html</a></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">10.</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span></span></span><br />
<h1 id="article-headline" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">President Zardari visits Malala </span></span></h1>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"> 1. <a href="http://www.birminghampost.net/news/newsaggregator//tm_headline=pakistan-s-president-zardari-visits-malala-yousafzai-at-birmingham-hospital%26method=full%26objectid=32392374%26siteid=65233-name_page.html">http://www.birminghampost.net/news/newsaggregator//tm_headline=pakistan-s-president-</a></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.birminghampost.net/news/newsaggregator//tm_headline=pakistan-s-president-zardari-visits-malala-yousafzai-at-birmingham-hospital%26method=full%26objectid=32392374%26siteid=65233-name_page.html">zardari-visits-malala-yousafzai-at-birmingham-</a></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.birminghampost.net/news/newsaggregator//tm_headline=pakistan-s-president-zardari-visits-malala-yousafzai-at-birmingham-hospital%26method=full%26objectid=32392374%26siteid=65233-name_page.html">hospital%26method=full%26objectid=32392374%26siteid=65233-name_page.html</a></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">2. <a href="http://dawn.com/2012/12/09/zardari-visits-malala-in-british-hospital/">http://dawn.com/2012/12/09/zardari-visits-malala-in-british-hospital/</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cfe2f3; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;">9.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px;">Malala’s friend Kainat escaped ‘life attempt’ </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fff2cc; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/12/05/malalas-friend-kainat-escaped-life-attempt-as-militants-blew-up-neighbours-home-mistakenly/" style="background-color: #fff2cc;">http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/12/05/malalas-friend-kainat-escaped-life-attempt-as-militants-blew-up-neighbours-home-mistakenly/</a></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fff2cc; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fff2cc; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 17px;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b>8.</b><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Malala Thanks Supporters</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=3XpxZu16JPE">http://www.youtube.com/watch?</a></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=3XpxZu16JPE">feature=player_detailpage&v=3XpxZu16JPE</a></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large; line-height: 17px;"><b style="background-color: black;">7. </b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><b>Malala's friend who was shot and hurt in shooting 'not afraid' of Taliban</b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></b><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/11/22/pakistan-malala-taliban.html">http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/11/22/pakistan-malala-taliban.html</a></span></b> </span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">6.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan; font-size: large;">Malala Yousafzai status updates:</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;"><a href="http://www.uhb.nhs.uk/news/malala-yousafzai-status-updates.htm">http://www.uhb.nhs.uk/news/malala-yousafzai-status-updates.htm</a></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b>5.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Malala's father says</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 2.461em;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 class="story-header" style="color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 11px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">she will 'rise again'</span></span></span></h1>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20106203">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20106203</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<div style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">4.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #121213; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"></span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="color: #ff0099; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0.1em; width: 940px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;">Malala's hope</span></span></span></h1>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/malalahopenew/">http://www.avaaz.org/en/malalahopenew/</a></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>3.</b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 class="story-header" style="clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -160px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Malala Yousafzai: </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="story-header" style="clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -160px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="story-header" style="clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -160px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Pakistan girl</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="story-header" style="clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -160px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="story-header" style="clear: both; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -160px; margin-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">'standing with help'</span></span></h1>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20001486">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20001486</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b>2.</b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime; font-size: large;">More on Malala:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"><a href="http://instagram.com/p/Q67e54HRIB/">http://instagram.com/p/Q67e54HRIB/</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">1.</span> Please visit the site supporting Malala</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"> by clicking the link and</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"> sign the petition Created by</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"> Alaphia Z.,United Kingdom</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"> which will be delivered to:</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /> General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani:</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"> <a href="http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/We_support_you_Malala/" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.avaaz.org/en/<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>petition/We_support_you_Malala/</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">(If clicking on the link does not take you to the site, please try copy and paste on the browser)</span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The initial target has been reached; now the target is enhanced to 20,000 signatures.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Kindly contact your friends. The culprits have already failed in terrorizing the people. Pressure is building up on an international level as well as from within Pakistan against perpetrators of this barbarism.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-48118221249981937382012-10-06T02:27:00.000+05:302012-10-06T02:27:02.725+05:30 RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM – XVI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">A Rational Critique of Marxism and
Communism – XVI</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #b4a7d6;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[M.N. Roy was never a mere
critic. As a philosopher – revolutionary he was bold enough to suggest
alternatives and travel through un-trodden paths. He had the intellectual acumen
and moral integrity to suggest alternatives. It is proposed to present ‘The
Principles of Radical Democracy’ </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">widely
known as ‘</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Twenty-two Theses of Radical Humanism<b>’) </b></span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #b4a7d6;">below. One thesis
(No. 19) has since been modified. The revised version is the one included here.
The thesis (No.19), originally adopted by the Third All-India Conference of the
Radical Democratic Party held in Bombay from December 26<sup>th</sup> to 30<sup>th</sup>
, 1946 is given at the end separately.]</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">The
Twenty-two Theses of Radical Humanism</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis One<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Man is the
archetype of society. Co-operative social relationships contribute to develop
individual potentialities. But the development of the individual is the measure
of social progress. Collectivity presupposes the existence of individuals.
Except as the sum total of freedom and well-being, actually enjoyed by
individuals, social liberation and progress are imaginary ideals, which are never
attained. Well-being, if it is actual, is enjoyed by individuals. It is wrong
to ascribe a collective ego to any form of community (viz. nation, class etc.),
as that practice means sacrifice of the individual. Collective well-being is a
function of the well-being of individuals.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Two<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Quest for
freedom and search for truth constitute the basic urge of human progress. The
quest for freedom is the continuation, on a higher level - of intelligence and
emotion - of the biological struggle for existence. The search for truth is a
corollary thereof. Increasing knowledge of nature enables man to be
progressively free from the tyranny of natural phenomena, and physical and
social environments. Truth is the content of knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Three<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The purpose
of all rational human endeavour, individual as well as collective, is
attainment of freedom, in ever increasing measure. Freedom is progressive
disappearance of all restrictions on the unfolding of the potentialities of
individuals, as human beings, and not as cogs in the wheels of a mechanized
social organism. The position of the individual, therefore, is the measure of
the progressive and liberating significance of any collective effort or social
organization. The success of any collective endeavour is to be measured by the
actual benefit for its constituent units.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Four<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Rising out
of the background of the law-governed physical nature, the human being is
essentially rational. Reason being a biological property, it is not the
antithesis of will. Intelligence and emotion can be reduced to a common
biological denominator. Historical determinism, therefore, does not exclude
freedom of will. As a matter of fact, human will is the most powerful
determining factor. Otherwise, there would be no room for revolutions in a
rationally determined process of history. The rational and scientific concept
of determinism is not to be confused with the teleological or religious
doctrine of predestination. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Five<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The economic
interpretation of history is deduced from a wrong interpretation of
materialism. It implies dualism, whereas materialism is a monistic philosophy.
History is a determined process: but there are more than one causative factors.
Human will is one of them, and it cannot always be referred directly to any
economic incentive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Six<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Ideation is
a physiological process resulting from the awareness of environment. But once
they are formed, ideas exist by themselves, governed by their own laws. The
dynamics of ideas run parallel to the process of social evolution, the two
influencing each other mutually. But in no particular point of the process of
the integral human evolution, can a direct causal relation be established
between historical events and the movement of ideas (‘ideas’ is here used in
the common philosophical sense of ideology or system of ideas). Cultural
patterns and ethical values are not mere ideological superstructures of
established economic relations. They are also historically determined – by the
logic of the history of ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Seven
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">For creating
a new world of freedom, revolution must go beyond an economic reorganization of
society. Freedom does not necessarily follow from the capture of political
power in the name of the oppressed and exploited classes and abolition of
private property in the means of production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Eight<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Communism or
socialism may conceivably be the means for the attainment of the goal of
freedom. How far it can serve the purpose, must be judged by experience. A
political system and an economic experiment, which subordinate the man of flesh
and blood to an imaginary collective ego, be it the nation or a class, cannot
possibly be the suitable means for the attainment of the goal of freedom. On
the one hand, it is absurd to argue that negation of freedom will lead to
freedom, and, on the other hand, it is not freedom to sacrifice the individual
at the altar of an imaginary collective ego. Any social philosophy or scheme of
social reconstruction, which does not recognize the sovereignty of the
individual, and dismiss the ideal of freedom as an empty abstraction, can have
no more than a very limited progressive and revolutionary significance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Nine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The state
being the political organization of society, it’s withering away under
communism is a utopia which has been exploded by experience. Planned economy as
the basis of socialized industries presupposes a powerful political machinery.
Democratic control of that machinery alone can guarantee freedom under the new
order. Planning of production for use is possible on the basis of political
democracy and individual freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Ten<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">State ownership and planned economy do not by
themselves end exploitation of labour:
nor do they necessarily lead to an equal distribution of wealth.
Economic democracy is no more possible in the absence of political democracy
than the latter is in the absence of the former.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Eleven<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Dictatorship tends to perpetuate itself. Planned
economy under political dictatorship disregards individual freedom on the pleas
of efficiency, collective effort and social progress. Consequently, a higher
form of democracy in the socialist society, as it is conceived at present,
becomes an impossibility. Dictatorship defeats its professed end.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Twelve<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The defects of formal parliamentary democracy have
also been exposed in experience. They result from the delegation of power. To
make democracy effective, power must always remain vested in the people, and
there must be ways and means for the people to wield the sovereign power
effectively, not periodically, but from day to day. Atomised individual
citizens are powerless for all practical purposes, and most of the time. They
have no means to exercise their sovereignty and to wield a standing control of
the State machinery. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Thirteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Liberalism is falsified or parodied under formal
parliamentary democracy. The doctrine of laissez faire only provides the legal
sanction to the exploitation of man by man. The concept of economic man
negativates the liberating doctrine of individualism. The economic man is bound
to be slave or a slave holder. The
vulgar concept must be replaced by the reality of an instinctively rational
being who is moral because he is rational. Morality is an appeal to conscience,
and conscience is the instinctive awareness of, and reaction to, environment.
It is a mechanistic biological function on the level of consciousness.
Therefore, it is rational.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis
Fourteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The
alternative to parliamentary democracy is not dictatorship; it is organized
democracy, in the place of the formal democracy of powerless atomized
individual citizens. The parliament should be the apex of a pyramidal structure
of the State reared on the base of an organized democracy composed of a
countrywide network of people’s committees. The political organization of
society (the State) will be coincident with the entire society, and
consequently the State will be under a standing democratic control.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis
Fifteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The function
of a revolutionary and liberating social philosophy is to lay emphasis on the
basic fact of history that man is the maker of his world – man as a thinking
being, and he can be so only as an individual. The brain is a means of
production, and produces the most revolutionary commodity. Revolutions presuppose
iconoclastic ideas. An increasingly large number of men, conscious of their
creative power, motivated by the indomitable will to remake the world, moved by
the adventure of ideas, and fired with the ideal of a free society of free men,
can create the conditions under which democracy will be possible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Sixteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The method and programme of social revolution must be
based on a reassertion of the basic principle of social progress. A social
renaissance can come only through determined and wide-spread endeavour to
educate the people as regards the principles of freedom and rational
co-operative living. The people will be organized into effective democratic
bodies to build up the socio-political foundation of the post-revolutionary
order. Social revolution requires in rapidly increasing number, men of new
renaissance, and a rapidly expanding system of people’s committees: and an
organic co-ordination of both. The programme of revolution will similarly be
based on the principle of freedom, reason, and social harmony. It will mean
elimination of every form of monopoly and vested interest in the regulation of
social life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Seventeen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Radical democracy presupposes economic reorganization
of society so as to eliminate the possibility of exploitation of man by man.
Progressive satisfaction of material necessities is the precondition for the
individual members of society unfolding their intellectual and other finer
human potentialities. An economic reorganization, such as will guarantee a
progressively rising standard of living, is the foundation of the radical
democratic state. Economic liberation of the masses is an essential condition
for their advancing towards the goal of freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Eighteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The economy of the new social order will be based on production
for use and distribution with reference to human needs. Its political
organization excludes delegation of power, which in practice deprives the
people of effective power; it will be based on the direct participation of the
entire population through the people’s committees. Its culture will be based on
universal dissemination of knowledge and on minimum control and maximum scope
for, and incentive to, scientific and creative activities. The new society,
being founded on reason and science, will necessarily be planned. But it will
be planning with the freedom of the individual as its main purpose. The new
society will be democratic – politically, economically as well as culturally.
Consequently, it will be a democracy which can defend itself.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Nineteen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">The ideal of democracy will be attained through the
collective efforts of spiritually freemen united in the determination of
creating a world of freedom. They will function as the guides, friends and
philosophers of the people rather than as their would-be rulers. Consistently
with the goal of freedom, their political practice will be rational and
therefore ethical. Their effort will be reinforced by the growth of the
people’s will to freedom. Ultimately, the radical democratic state will rise with
the support of enlightened public opinion as well as intelligent action of the
people. Realising that freedom is inconsistent with concentration of power,
radical democrats will aim at the widest diffusion of power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Twenty <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">In the last analysis, education of the citizens is the
condition for such a reorganization of society as will be conducive to common
progress and prosperity without encroaching upon the freedom of the individual.
The people’s committees will be the schools for the political and civic
education of the citizen. The structure and function of the radical democratic
state will enable detached individuals to come to the forefront of public
affairs. Manned with such individuals the State machinery will cease to be the
instrument in the hands of any particular class to coerce others. Only
spiritually free individuals in power can smash all chains of slavery and usher
in freedom for all.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Twenty-One<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Radicalism integrates science into social organization
and reconciles individuality with collective life; it gives to freedom a moral,
intellectual as well as a social content: It offers a comprehensive theory of
social progress in which both the dialectics of economic determinism and
dynamics of ideas find their due recognition; and it deduces from the same a
method and a programme of social revolution in our time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Thesis Twenty-Two<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: black; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;">Radicalism starts from the dictum that “Man is the
measure of everything” (Protagoras) or “Man is the root of mankind” (Marx), and
advocates reconstruction of the world as a commonwealth and fraternity of free
men, by the collective endeavour of spiritually emancipated moral men. </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">*********************************************</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Thesis Nineteen before revision:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ffd966;">The ideal of Radical Democracy
will be attained through the collective efforts of spiritually free men united
in a political party with the determination of creating a world of freedom. The
members of the party will function as the guides, friends and philosophers of
the people rather than their would be rulers. Consistently with the goal of
freedom the political practice of the party will be rational and, therefore,
ethical. The party will grow with the growth of the peoples’ will to freedom,
and come to power with the support of enlightened public opinion, as well as
intelligent action of the people. Realising that freedom is inconsistent with
concentration of power, its aim will be the widest diffusion of power. It’s
success in attaining political power will only be a stage in that process, and,
by the logic of its own existence, the party will utilize political power for
its further diffusion until the State becomes co-terminus with the entire
society.”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffe599;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">(The present selection as the Critique
concludes here with M.N.Roy’s most important positive contribution.) </span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-85248060707777685782012-10-01T05:23:00.001+05:302012-10-01T05:23:40.274+05:30RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM - XV<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">A Rational Critique of Marxism and
Communism - XV</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;">(<i>Selected from the book:<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;">“Reason, Romanticism and Revolution”
<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;">By M. N. Roy-3) </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“The historical
significance of Marxism is that it was an attempt to harmonise the rationalist
and the romantic views of life, which clashed at the time of the French
Revolution and had pulled the subsequent intellectual and cultural history of
Europe in two contarary directions. The harmony was latent in the Hegelian
system, which incorporated the traditions of the Reformation, classical
rationalism, eighteenth century enlightenment, and also Rosseau’s romanticism.
Fuerbach’s Humanism and the philosophical Radicalism of his followers also
tended to harmonise the rationalist and romantic views of life. Nevertheless,
Marx combated these latter schools because they rejected dialectics as an
idealistic, teleological conception not compatible with the ideal of
freedom.”(Pages:392, 393)</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“Although in the
last analysis Marx rejected eighteenth century Materialism on the authority of
Hegel, he did make an effort to criticize the philosophy of sensation. He held
that mind was not a <i>tabula rasa</i>, passively
receiving impressions; that sensations and perceptions were interactions of the
subject and the object. In holding this view, Marx anticipated subsequent
clarification of the problem of cognition in the light of biology, particularly
physiology and psychology. The object is transformed in the process of being
known; knowledge results from the subject action upon the object. The emphasis
is on action which practically rules out pure thought as an instrument for acquiring knowledge and discovering
truths. Consequently, the foundation of Marxist Materialism is not matter, as
conceived by science and philosophy ever since the time of Democritus; it is
man’s relation with matter, Again, an essentially idealistic
position!”(page:395)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“By laying too much
emphasis on revolutionary action, Marxism tipped the scale on the side of
irrationalism, to degenerate eventually into a faith. At the same time, the
Marxian theory of revolution is cynical. Its basic dogma is that human beings
are never motivated by moral impulses. By rejecting the belief that human
nature by itself is sufficient cause for the endless progress of mankind, it
declared that revolutionary action by determined minorities was the decisive
factor of history. The Marxian interpretation of history and theory of
revolution, thus, create the cult of supermen (the revolutionary vanguard of
the proletariat organized in the party), and opens up the perspective of
dictatorship as the alternative to democracy.” (Page:413)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“The philosophical
significance of Marxism is that it offered a solution of the problem of dualism
which had vitiated philosophy, ever since the speculations of the ancient
forerunners of science about the origin of the world were overwhelmed by
metaphysical assumptions. In course of time the world was split up into two –
one of mind and the other of matter; and ultimately, in the Cartesian system,
philosophy came to the conclusion that there was no bridge over the gulf
between the two. The corollary to the conclusion was doubt about the objective
validity of knowledge acquired through the senses and denial of the reality of
the physical world. Philosophy being the love of knowledge, by coming to the
conclusion that knowledge is impossible, it committed suicide.”(Page:416)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“Matter as a
conceptual metaphysical category is the ultimate reality, capable of producing
life. Consciousness, cognition, mind, ideas follow in course of biological
evolution. The world of experience as a whole is real; transcendental reality
is a figment of imagination. Mind as well as matter, the physical world as well
as the world of thought and ideas, are equally real. But philosophy must have a
realistic scientific understanding of their relation. Marx’s contribution to
this understanding won for him an outstanding place, in the history of
philosophy.”Page:417)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“In the beginning,
Marxism tended towards a harmony of reason and romanticism. Had it developed
consistently with its original philosophical premises, which implied that the
laws of social evolution did not preclude the freedom of human will and
endeavour, Marxism might have rescued the idea of revolution from its
traditional association with the romantic extravagance of zealots and the orgy
of violence let loose by willful minorities; it might have promoted a scientific humanist movement
as heralded by Feuerbach and his followers, known as the German Philosophical
Radicals. But the lure of a short-cut on the model of the Great Revolution
induced Marx to go at a tangent, to become the fiery prophet of the coming
revolution which would place the proletariat in power. He left the high-road of
the rational and humanist thought built by generations of fighters for the spiritual and social
liberation of man ever since the Renaissance, to sponsor a revolutionary
movement which, guided by a self-contradictory theory, was bound to run into a
blind alley. The Marxist neo-romanticism merged man into the masses and
ascribed mystic powers to the latter.”(Page:425)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“The philosophical
reaction heralded by the Reformation, unwittingly helped by British empiricism
and finally ushered in by Rousseau, reached its apotheosis in Schopenhauer. “In
one form or another, the doctrine that Will is paramount has been held by many
modern philosophers, notably Nietzsche, Bergson, James and Dewey. And in
proportion as Will had gone up in the scale, knowledge has gone down. This is the
most notable change that has come over the temper of philosophy in our age. It
was prepared by Rousseau and Kant, but was first proclaimed in its purity by
Schopenhauer.”(Page:440)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“Fascism and
Communism both claimed the historical missioin of building a new civilization,
one on the ruins, and the other on the basis of the positive achievements of
the nineteenth century. Either of them could, therefore, find in Nietzsche
support for its doctrine and practice. But the Dionysian role on Nietzsche was
predominating; his condemnation of modern civilization appeared to be so very
sweeping that the Fascists monopolized him as their philosopher. But if Nietzsche
was against Socialism, he was even more hostile to Nationalism. Nietzsche’s
Superman was the “good European”, embodiment of all the intellectual, cultural
and moral values of modern civilization which the Fascists proposed to destroy
as decadent and foreign to the German spirit. The Nazis vulgarized the
nietzschean idea of “Beyond good and Evil” to justify their negation of
morality. But Nietzsche distinguished bad from evil. The idea was a declaration
of revolt against the conventional meanings of the terms and the “salve
morality” which it sanctioned. While ridiculing the idea of evil, he evidently
had Schopenhauer’s philosophy in mind. Moreover, it would also be a plausible
interpretation of the famous Nietzshean doctrine that good and evil stood for
God and the devil, between which tow equally powerful imaginary rulers of his
destiny, man was reduced to a position of utter helplessness. The archetype of
Nietzsche’s Superman was presumably Goethe’s Mephistopheles, the cynical
philosopher laughing at the hypocrisy of the man who had neither the courage to
be bad nor the strength to be good. The doctrine of the eternity of the dual
principles of good and evil must have attracted Neitzsche to the religion of
the Magis. Since God was the embodiment of both the principles, it logically
follows that spiritual freedom lay beyond good and evil.”(Pages:442,443)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“Nietzsche closed an
epoch, and stood at the gates of a new one, which was destined to be dominated
by two apparently, antagonistic movements. Both drew inspiration from him; the
Fascists hailed him as their philosopher for his glorification of irrationalism
and the cult of the hero; the Communists took from him lessons in cynicism,
brutality and moral nihilism. And Nietzsche’s philosophy was not economically
determined.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;">The aspects of Nietzsche’s philosophy which could serve
the purpose of Fascism were given a fantastic form by Stefan George and his
followers. They declared that the entire European history since the age of
Socrates was “the tragedy of the triumph of the intellect”. The Apollonian era
must now be followed by a new Dyonisian one, which will dream of a cosmic
cataclysm. In human relations, complete subordination and passionate devotion
to the superman should replace the farce of democracy and corrupting and
devitalizing intellectual pretensions. Stefan George sang the ode to the coming
leader. “Plough over our bodies, and nobody will ever call you to account.
“Unknown until the first world war, he sprang into fame as the poet-philosopher
of the Nazi movement, and he had drawn inspiration from Nietzsche.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">Fascism as well as Communism thus was the concrete outcome
of the philosophical reaction which, reinforced by the “crisis of the physical
theories”, led to the orgy of irrationalism in the beginning of the twentieth
century.”(Pages:444, 445)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“With their faith in
the Marxian determinist view of nature and history, Communists might appear to
be rationalists. But the dogmatic assertion of determinism itself was a negation
of reason. It amounted to a blind faith. Moreover, irrespective of the nature
of that theory, in practice their appeal was exclusively emotional, the object
being to promote a blind faith in the mystic power of the masses, and in the
infallibility of the revolutionary vanguard, of the working class, that is,
themselves and their party. The Communists were no less contemptuous of the
liberal tradition and democratic practice of the nineteenth century than the
Fascists. Both stood for collectivism, totalitarian regimentation and
dictatorship. Both were equally cynical about morality; and both preached the
cult of leadership. The ideological difference was superficial. The struggle
between the two which all but destroyed the civilized world, was exclusively
for power to dominate the world.”(Page: 445)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">Marx’s failure to
work out a sociology consistent with materialist philosophy was due to his
passion for social justice, inherited from his humanist predecessors, though he
disdained them as Utopians. Marx, however, was not the dry-hearted mathematical
prophet of history, as he has been celebrated by his followers, and as he might
have believed himself to be. With a burning faith in revolution, he was a
romanticist and as such a Humanist. The idea of revolution is a romantic idea,
because it presupposes man’s power to remake the world in which he lives. If
purposeful human effort is left out of account, social development becomes a
mechanistic evolutionary process, making no room for sudden great changes and
occasionally accelerated tempo. As the prophet of revolution, Marx was a
romanticist. He proclaimed his faith in the creativeness of man which,
accelerating the process of evolution, brought about revolutions. Marx being a
Humanist, the force of his theory of revolution was its moral appeal. Even his critics,
who do not depart from objectivity, honour Marx for a passionate search for
truth and intellectual honesty. Without a moral fervor of the highest degree,
without an intense dislike for injustice, he could not undertake the lone fight
to improve the lot of the oppressed and exploited.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">One of the most impassioned fighters against cant and
hypocrisy, Marx was a great moralist in the tradition of the ancient prophets
of his race. His merciless exposition of the essence of capitalism was a severe
moral condemnation. In the last analysis, <i>Capital
</i>is a treatise on social ethics – a powerful protest against the servitude
of the toiling majority. It may be presumed that Marx abstained deliberately
from making the moral appeal of his economic theories explicit, because he
hated the cant of the sanctimonious defenders of the established order of
inequity. Nevertheless, it was as a moralist that he influenced history. Only
his orthodox followers seem to be immune to that influence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">Marx talked of Socialism as “the kingdom of freedom”,
where man will be the master of his social environments. One who preached such
a humanist doctrine could not be a worshipper at the shrine of an exacting
collective ego, even of the proletariat. According to Marx, under Socialism
human reason will overcome irrational forces which now tyrannise the life of
man; as a rational being, man will control his destiny. Freed from the fallacy
of economic determinism, the humanist, libertarian, moralist spirit of Marxism
will go into the making of a new faith of our time. It is a part of the
accumulated store of human heritage, which must be claimed by the builders of
the future, who will not belong to any particular class.” (Pages:420,421)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 150%;">“The positive
elements of Marxism, freed from its fallacies and clarified in the light of
greater scientific knowledge, are consistent with a more comprehensive
philosophy, which can be called Integral or Radical Humanism: a philosophy
which combines mechanistic cosmology, materialist metaphysics, secular
rationalism and rationalist ethics to satisfy man’s urge for freedom and quest
for truth, and also to guide his future action in pursuit of the
ideals.”(Pages:421,422)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #c27ba0;">[This series concludes with the next post which carries
“The Twenty two These of Radical Democracy”]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Reason </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Romanticism<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> and
Revolution <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">M.N.Roy</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;">Ajanta Books International,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;">I – UB, Jawahar Nagar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;">Delhi – 110 007</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #e06666;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-77107800099452540482012-09-21T20:33:00.001+05:302012-09-29T02:51:54.013+05:30RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM - XIV<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">A Rational Critique of Marxism and
Communism - XIV</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">(<i>Selected from the book:<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">“Reason, Romanticism and
Revolution” <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: lime;">By M. N. Roy-2) </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“To attach class labels to ideas is evidently a false
practice. Ideas are created by men, and as such belong to the entire race, and
not to any particular class. They are, of course, not static; from the dawn of
civilization they have been in a continuous process of evolution, having been
influenced by the natural and social conditions under which various human
communities and classes lived in different parts of the world, in different epochs
of history. But ideas have their autonomy and a logic which is not dialectical,
but dynamic. Therefore, political doctrines of the bourgeois revolution,
theories of the classical capitalist economics and the principles of the
Hegelian philosophy could all go into the making of Marxism which called itself
the ideology of the proletariat, but the positive elements of which will
survive the proletarian revolution. Marxism was not a negation, nor a negation
of a negation, of the older ideas that it took over. Without those ideas there
could be no Marxism. Therefore, the laws of the dynamics of ideas cannot be
called dialectical.” (Pages:399, 400)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“As against the “utopia” of the forerunners of Socialism,
Marx offered his “scientific Socialism. He criticized his predecessors because
they had no knowledge of the proletariat; that they built out of their
imagination fantastic pictures of a new social order that they appealed to
morality; that, in short, they did not have a philosophy of history. An
unbiased study of the pre-Marxian history of socialist thought shows that some
of the charges against the Utopians were simply unfounded. As regards the
charge of appealing to morality, they were guilty, but only from the Marxist
point of view. For rejecting that appeal, Marxism was doomed to betray its
professed ideas and ideals. The contention that “from the scientific point of
view, this appeal to morality and justice does not help us an inch farther”,
was based upon a false notion of science.” (Page: 405)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marx distinguished himself from his predecessors by
declaring that he wanted to proceed scientifically; nothing was to be taken for
granted or deduced from preconceived notions. He would make inferences only
from the empirical laws of social evolution and forces of modern society. He
proposed to prove that Socialism was bound to come, as a “necessary product of
historical development”. The “evolutionary laws of history”, which enabled him
to found scientific Socialism and predict the inevitable advent of Communism,
was the Hegelian notion of progress through conflict. It was certainly not an
empirical law; it was a preconceived notion; and Scientific Socialism was
derived from it. As a notion, it belonged to idealist philosophy, even when
Marx’s imagination put it on its feet. The result was that “the picture given
at the end of <i>Capital,</i> Vol.1, answers
to a conception arrived at by speculative Socialism in the forties.” The
picture conjured up in the <i>Communist
Manifesto </i>is much more so. Marx had not yet hit upon his master-key of
economic determinism. Later on, to elaborate the philosophical presuppositions
of Marxism, Engels wrote that a particular economic phenomenon had already
ceased to exist “when the moral consciousness of the masses declares it to be
wrong.” The idealism of the dialectic method cannot be suppressed. Moral
consciousness is not an economic force. And Marxism, in so far as it was true
to the tradition of man’s age long struggle for freedom, could not get away
from the appeal to morality. Its historical significance lies in that fact. But
the much vaunted historical sense failed Marx when he ridiculed his
predecessors, and believed himself to be a prophet of immaculate conception,
possessed of the light of revelation.” (Page: 406)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The error, if not insincerity, of Marx’s rejection of the
earlier socialist thought is proved by the fact that his whole fight against
the German philosophical Radicals, who called themselves “true Socialists”, was
a defence of the utopianism of the French Socialists. The German Socialists,
whom the founder of scientific Socialism vehemently combated, characterized
pre-Marxian Communism as utopian and maintained that, as against the empiricism
of the French and English social reformers or revolutionaries, they reached
Socialism scientifically.” (Page:407)</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“In the same article, in which for the first time Marx
advanced the theory of the inevitability of the collapse of the capitalist
order and the advent of Socialism, he also for the first time advocated armed
revolution for the overthrow of the established State and the social system.
So, at its very conception, Marxism was self contradictory. If the decay and
disappearance of any social system was inevitable, a violent revolution for its
overthrow was palpably unwarranted. Conversely, if the change had to be brought
about by force, it was not inevitable. Because it could be prevented by the use
of superior force.”(Page:409)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Trying to combine rationalism, the view that history is a
determined process, with the romantic view of life which declares the freedom
of will, Marxist historiology contradicts itself. Not that the two cannot be
combined; they are combined in Hegel’s dialectics. The notion of progress is a
product of reason and romanticism. Nature is a rational system; so is society,
because it is a part of nature, social evolution being a continuation of
biological evolution. If the mechanistic view is not to be tampered with, then
neither a <i>dues ex machina</i> should be
allowed to wind up the clock of the evolution of the physical Universe, nor any
conscious effort of man is to influence the unfolding of social forces. And the
mechanistic view of the physical, biological and social evolutions is the very
essence of Materialism.” (Pages:409, 410)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The recognition of the decisive role played by thinking
man, that is to say, by ideas, in historical processes, runs counter neither to
the rationalist notion of progress nor to the mechanistic view of evolution.
The harmony between the rationalist conception of progress and the romantic
idea of revolution also takes place in the materialist philosophy, which is not
a negation of Idealism, but absorbs and goes beyond by tracing the roots of
ideas in the rational scheme of nature. The thinking man acts upon the process
of social evolution not as a <i>dues ex
machine;</i> he is an integral part of the process. The human brain is also a
means of production – of ideas, which motivate action to create history.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">These philosophical implications of Marxism were not
clearly thought out by its founders. Therefore, the Marxist view of history is
vitiated by the contradiction between rationalism and the romantic notion of
revolution. With his rationalism, which is the essence of materialist
philosophy, Marx was a Humanist, and as such a romanticist. He combined, as
Heinemann wrote, “the righteous fury of the great seers of his race, with the
cold analytical power of Spinoza.” A different personality could not be the
prophet of revolution; because, any successful revolution is conditional on a
combination of thought and action inspired by a harmony of rationalism and the
romantic view of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">The harmony is in the thesis that “philosophers have only
interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.” This basic
doctrine of the Marxist philosophy of revolution is a legacy of Renaissance
Humanism, which saw the relation between history and philosophy. Inspired by
the humanist tradition, Bacon in his <i>Advancement
of Learning</i> emphasized on the necessity of shifting importance from precept
to application, from theory to practice, from philosophy to history. Bacon, at
the same time, was a rationalist, the exponent of inductive logic, which made
Newtonian mechanistic natural philosophy possible. Inspired by Bacon’s humanist
approach to history, Vico’s <i>Scienza Nuova</i>
unfolded the romatic vista of humanity creating itself. The relation that
connects Marx and Bacon can be traced backward through earlier phases in the
history of philosophy.” (Pages : 410, 411)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Dialectics is a rationalist notion; dialectical
Materialism, therefore, is a rationalist notion and a rationalist philosophy.
On the other hand, the appeal to violence, being an echo of the last phase of
the Great Revolution, is a romantic extravagance. The two aspects of Marxism
thus stand in the relation of thesis and antithesis. The synthesis is the
statement that “by changing the world, man changes himself”. In other words,
man’s ability to change the world, to expedite evolution through revolution,
and the moral right to do so, result from the fact that man is a part of
nature, which is a ceaseless process of change, a dialectic process, in the
Hegelian language. But the world is greater than the greatest of men; and will
always be so. Therefore, man’s ability to change it is limited by the axiom
that the whole is greater than its part. By disregarding this self-evident
truth, revolutionary activism becomes irrational and runs up against the law of
nature and the nature of man. Then, revolution only mars the salutary and
uninterrupted progress instead of being truly beneficial for mankind, as Godwin
warned.” (Pages:412, 413)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Owing to the Hegelian association of his adolescence,
Marx himself was not sufficiently aware of his spiritual ancestry. Under the
influence of the Hegelian dialectics, he rejected eighteenth century
Materialism as mechanical. At the same time, he disowned the humanist tradition
of the earlier advocates of social justice, ridiculing them as Utopians. Though
he thus believed that he was beginning from scratch, as the founder of a new
philosophy and the prophet of revolution, Marx belonged to the intellectual
lineage of Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, Bruno, Gassendi, Hobbes, Holbach,
Diderot and Feuerbach, to mention only the most illustrious of them. His place
in the history of philosophy, therefore, is no less significant and honourable
than any one of his forerunners. Indeed, his contribution to the cause of human
freedom was greater, because he had the advantage of living in an age when
scientific knowledge could throw light on the old problems of philosophy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">To be able to offer a rational explanation of the world of
experience, and to avoid the pitfalls of mysticism, philosophy must be
monistic; monistic metaphysics does not preclude pluralism in the process of
becoming; and only a materialist metaphysic (irrespective of the change in the
concept of matter in physics) can be strictly monistic. Marx’s proposition that
consciousness is determined by being placed materialist metaphysics on a sound
scientific foundation. His subsequent thought, particularly sociological,
however, did not move in the direction indicated by the significant point of
departure. Marxism, on the whole, is not true to its philosophical tradition.
In sociology, it vulgarizes Materialism to the extent of denying that basic
moral values transcend space and time. With the impersonal concept of the
forces of production, it introduces teleology in history, crassly contradicting
its own belief that man is the maker of his destiny. The economic determinism
of its historiology blasts the foundation of human freedom, because it
precludes the possibility of man ever becoming free as an individual. Yet,
contemporary sociological thinking has been considerably influenced by the
fallacious and erroneous doctrines of Marxism which do not logically follow
from its philosophy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">In addition to the accumulated achievements of the agelong
struggle of metaphysics against dualism, philosophically, Marxism inherited
also the liberating tradition of Humanism. The two apparently conflicting
trends of thought – mechanistic naturalism and romantic Humanism – harmonized
in Feuerbach, who therefore could throw off the Hegelian influence more
completely than Marx. Nevertheless, in Feuerbach’s materialist Humanism, man
remains an abstraction, veiled in mystery, an elementary, indefinable category,
as simply given, to be taken for granted. The fiery prophet of social justice
in Marx was more a Humanist than a Hegelian. But his critical mind did not miss
the weakness of Feuerbach’s Humanism and realized the necessity of explaining
the being and becoming of man, if his sovereignty as the maker of his destiny
was to be empirically established. It was in search of a rational foundation of
the humanist view of life that Marx under took his analytical study of history.
At the same time, anthropology had discovered that the struggle for physical
existence was the basic human urge – a biological heritage. Marx identified the
primitive man’s intelligent effort to earn a livelihood with the biological
struggle for existence, and came to the conclusion that the origin of society
and subsequent human development were economically motivated. The point of
departure of the Marxist historiology was the mistake of confounding physical
urge with economic motive.” (Pages:418, 419)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“For a considerable time after the origin of the species, <i>homo sapiens</i> were not moved by any economic
motive, but by the biological urge of self-preservation. He earned the means of
subsistence, and for the purpose devised primitive tools out of sheer physical
necessity. Anthropological research does not show any economic motive in the
human struggle for existence in the earlier stages of social evolution. What it
does show is that the struggle for physical existence provides stimuli for
mental development. Consciousness and other rudiments of mind are a biological
heritage antecedent to the appearance of <i>homo
sapiens</i>. Thus, further evolution is determined by the physical conditions
of the being and becoming of man. But economic determinism of history from the
origin of society cannot be logically deduced from that fact. In other words,
economic determinism is not a corollary to Materialism. Moreover, it is
antagonistic to Humanism, because it subordinates man to the inexorable
operation of the impersonal forces of production. In an economically determined
society, man is not a producer, but a means of production.” (Pages:419, 420)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marx’s effort to place Feuerbach’s materialist Humanism
on a rational foundation led to the exactly contrary consequence. Feuerbach’s
mystic abstraction was replaced by an economic automation; and the abstract
conception was transferred from the debased man to society, which was endowed
with a collective ego.” (Page:420)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marx’s failure to work out a sociology consistent with
materialist philosophy was due to his passion for social justice, inherited
from his humanist predecessors, though he disdained them as Utopians. Marx,
however, was not the dry-hearted mathematical prophet of history, as he has
been celebrated by his followers, and as he might have believed himself to be.
With a burning faith in revolution, he was a romanticist and as such a
Humanist. The idea of revolution is a romantic idea, because it presupposes
man’s power to remake the world in which he lives. If purposeful human effort
is left out of account, social development becomes a mechanistic evolutionary
process, making no room for sudden great changes and occasionally accelerated
tempo. As the prophet of revolution, Marx was a romanticist. He proclaimed his
faith in the creativeness of man which, accelerating the process of evolution,
brought about revolutions. Marx being a Humanist, the force of his theory of
revolution was its moral appeal. Even his critics, who do not depart from
objectivity, honour Marx for a passionate search for truth and intellectual
honesty. Without a moral fervor of the highest degree, without an intense
dislike for injustice, he could not undertake the lone fight to improve the lot
of the oppressed and exploited.” (Page:420)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">“In the absence of an adequate knowledge about the origin
of life, in the past, Humanism could not be placed on a rational foundation.
The advance of scientific knowledge since the middle of the nineteenth century,
while compelling certain revisions of mechanistic cosmology and materialist
metaphysics, contributed to the triumph of rationalist Humanism. The fact that
life is found to be associated with dead matter in a particular state of
organization connects man, through the long process of biological evolution,
with the background of the physical Universe. The supreme importance of man
results from the fact that in him the physical process of becoming has reached
the highest pitch so far. Humanism thus ceases to be a mystic and poetic view
of life. Based on scientific knowledge, it can be integrated in the materialist
general philosophy, and the latter, then, can be the foundation of a sociology
which makes room for human creativeness and individual liberty without denying
determinism; which reconciles reason with will; which shows that cooperation
and organization need not stifle the urge for freedom. Harmonised with
Humanism, materialist philosophy can have an ethics whose values require no
other sanction than man’s innate rationality.”(Page:421) <i> </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"> </span></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #f9cb9c;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">(to be
continued)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Reason,
Romanticism And Revolution</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">M.N.Roy</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Ajanta
Publications India,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Jawahar
Nagar,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b4a7d6; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">Delhi-110
007</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-89012319744374067672012-09-13T17:02:00.000+05:302012-09-29T02:03:07.602+05:30RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM - XIII<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;">A Rational Critique of
Marxism and Communism - XIII</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Selected Passages from the book:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">“Politics
Power and Parties” <i>by</i> M. N. Roy-3</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">)
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4f81bd;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“Democracy started from the two
admirable principles of individual freedom and of popular sovereignty. But
having started from those unexceptionable principles, in practice democracy
immediately deviated from those principles. We do not have to examine only the
record of parliamentary democracy in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. We may go all
the way back to the man who has been recognized in history as the prophet of
modern democracy, to discover that democracy, however well conceived, was born
with a crippling defect, because of which it never got a fair chance. That
prophet was the French philosopher Rousseau, who is credited with having
developed the ideal of democracy. Like all the leaders of the French
Revolution, Rousseau also drew his inspiration from the experience of ancient
Greece.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">The idea of
democracy, including its name, was derived from there. The ideal of democracy,
as the early leaders of the French Revolution conceived it, was the direct
democracy of ancient Greece. There, democracy had been practiced in small City
Republics, inhabited perhaps by no more than ten to twenty- thousand people.
Since it could not be practiced in 18<sup>th</sup> century Europe, where States
consisted of entire countries inhabited by millions of people, Rousseau
immediately came up against this fact, which was irreconcilable with the
practice of direct democracy as it had been practiced in Greece; and yet, if
democracy was ever to be practiced, it must indeed be direct democracy, to the
largest possible extent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">Hence it was
necessary to find new ways and means to practice democracy. Rousseau was a man
of great imagination. He was rather a dreamer and a poet than a political
thinker. Giving reign to his imagination, he arrived at the conception of a
General Will, and devised a system by which the General Will of a people could
be ascertained. Any institution which could claim to embody the General Will,
should be considered as a democratic institution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">Starting from the
conception of individual freedom, Rousseau admitted that every member of a
community had individual interests, and when in operation, the individual
interests of all the members of the community cancelled each other. But apart
from their individual interests, according to Rousseau’s theory of the origin
of society in a social contract, the members of a community alienated their
individual interests and pledged themselves to work for the common interest.
Once individual interests have cancelled each other, there remains a residue of
general interest based on the surrender of individual rights, and out of that
surrender emerged the concept of the General Will.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">This concept was
fraught with dangerous consequences. When democracy was to be introduced in the
post-revolutionary period, that is, after the defeat of Napoleon, this
metaphysical concept of a General Will, interpreted in political terms, took
the form of the delegation of power from the people to some other agencies. But
already during the French Revolution, the dangerous significance of this
doctrine of the General Will made itself felt, and it was on the claim that he
represented the General Will of the French people that Robespierre tried to
establish a dictatorship through the terroristic regime which practically
destroyed the positive outcome of the French Revolution” (Pages:50, 51)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“On the one hand, we have the
mass of people, and on the other, we have parties. The individual man and his
judgment, his discretion and will are nowhere in the picture. Appeals are not
made to individual voters and their power of reasoning, but to the sentiment of
masses. The purpose of election propaganda is to create a state of mass
hysteria, to create either hatred for one or bias in favour of some other
party. Consequently, when the time comes for the sovereign people to make the
crucial decision of selecting persons who can be entrusted with their fate for
a period of four or five years, the electorate is in a state where no
discriminating judgment is at all possible, whipped up into a state of frenzy
and driven like cattle to the polling stations to cast their votes. With music,
brass-bands, flags and shouting, the judgment of the people is dulled and
benumbed; they are placed under some spell, and in that condition they are
asked to decide their fate. This is naturally more so in backward countries, but
on principle it is the same everywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">On the other hand,
when votes are canvassed for a party, once the popular vote brings a man to the
parliament, his responsibility is not to the people who vote for him, but to
the party machinery which has ensured his election by supplying the money and
the brass-band.”(Page:53)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“The first criticism of this
formal democracy was offered by Socialists. From the time of Karl Marx, they
pointed out these defects and deficiencies of parliamentary democracy, and came
to the conclusion that parliamentary democracy degenerated in this way not
because of its internal contradictions or the discrepancy between theory and
practice, but because it is only an instrument for one particular class to
establish its dictatorship. The corollary suggests itself logically: Since
formal democracy is the dictatorship of one class, therefore the other classes
or the class which are suppressed and exploited are entitled to overthrow the
dictatorship of the oppressing and exploiting class and establish its own
dictatorship. In course of time, this alternative came to be advocated by the
“revolutionary” communist school of Marxists; the “reformist” Socialists,
however, did not accept it and maintained that dictatorship was not inherent in
Karl Marx’s teachings.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">By advocating
dictatorship as an alternative to a defective form of democracy, Marxist
critics did not maintain that democracy was not desirable, but only that its
bourgeois parliamentary form was defective. But that was not a sufficiently strong
argument for maintaining that an out and out dictatorship is better than a
veiled dictatorship or a defective democracy.”(Pages:53,54)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“In the period between the two
wars from 1920 to 1939, Democracy, attacked from two sides by advocates of
dictatorship, lost ground step by step, and, except in a few countries, was
replaced by some form or other of dictatorship practically all over Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">But even then the
advocates of democracy who, in the critical days, wanted to have a democratic
front against Fascism on the one side and Communism on the other, did not see
the inherent defects of democracy and did not feel the necessity of broadening
their concept of democracy, so that it could stand the challenge and survive
the crisis of the contemporary world. If we now think of a politics for the
future, it implies that we are, on the one hand, rejecting the various forms of
dictatorship and, on the other, realize that Democracy as practiced so far is
not adequate. It cannot sand the crisis. Therefore, democratic principles must
be reorientated. Democratic ideas must be enriched by experience, and a more
effective form of democratic practice must be conceived.”(Page:55)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“The practice of delegation of power
is a negation of Democracy, because it can never establish government of the
people and by the people. It can, under the best of circumstances, only
establish government for the people, which, again in the best of cases, may be
a benevolent dictatorship, but not Democracy. It goes without saying that in a
large country, with millions of inhabitants and where all power is concentrated
in a centralized government, rule of the people and by the people is not
possible. Therefore, we must think of a decentralized structure which will make
a more direct form of Democracy a practical proposition.”(Pages:55,56)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“We start from the proposition
that institutions, political or economic, are created by men. They are created
by man to serve his purpose, which is the purpose of having a full life, a good
life, and of developing all aspects of his life and all his potentialities.
Every institution is as good as the men who work it. But in the modern world
the relation between individuals and institutions has been reverse. Supreme
importance is attached to institutions, and man is subordinated to them. Social
progress is not visualized as the resultant of the development of individuals
or groups of individuals, but as structural changes imposed from above, from
time to time. This reversal of relations between man and man-made institutions
evidently is a denial of the fundamental concept of Democracy, because it
completely eliminated man and his sovereignty from the picture of things.
Therefore, if a better form of political theory and practice is to be evolved,
we shall have to see if this abnormal relation can be reversed again, if man
can be placed in his proper position of primacy and supremacy.”(Pages:56,57)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“The general belief is that the
common man cannot think for himself and is incapable to judge what is good or
bad, for him and in general, and therefore, the common man must be led. For
this reason we need either leaders or parties to lead the people and rule the
countries. They might go to the extent of guaranteeing to the people the widest
suffrage, but that is all they can do because, according to that philosophy,
the people are not, and will never be, capable of ruling
themselves.”(Pages:57,58)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“It is an unfortunate fact that
owing to long disuse, because traditions and social institutions never appealed
to them, a large number of men have been made to forget that they are born as
thinking being and endowed with the power of judgment, that they can discriminate
between what is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is bad, without
having to rely on any external authority for that knowledge. If the modern
world is to come out of this perilous crisis, if the sovereign people is to
emerge from this state of degradation, there is no other way than to make a growing
number of men conscious of their essential human attributes. To awaken their
self-respect and self-reliance, their pride to be men.”(Page:58)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“Even when democracies were
composed only of a few thousand people, voters could be misled, unless they
were educated. This ancient wisdom is even more true in our time. Those who are
trying to give Democracy a chance to be practiced must realize that without
education democracy is not possible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">But experience has
proved that education measured in terms of literacy alone does not create
guarantees for democratic government. What is needed is a different kind of
education, an education which will not be imparted with the purpose of
maintaining any given <i>status quo</i>, but
with the sole purpose of making the individuals of a community conscious of
their potentialities, help them to think rationally and judge for themselves,
and promote their critical faculties by applying it to all problems confronting
them.”(Pages:58, 59)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“Only when the monster called
the masses is decomposed into its component men and women, will an atmosphere
be created in which democratic practice becomes possible, in which there can be
established governments of the people and by the people. In such an atmosphere,
it will become possible to practice direct Democracy in smaller social groups,
because to make individuals self-reliant, they must be freed from the feeling
of being helopless cogs in the wheels of the gigantic machines of modern
States, which allow them no other function than to cast a vote once in several
years, and give them no idea of how governments function, so that they cannot
even effectively help their government, if they wanted to.”(Page:59)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“Today, the State has become an
abstraction. In the written Constitutions, the State is divided in three
branches, the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. If that is all that
the State is, then the States must exist only in the capitals and nowhere else.
The State, supposed to be the political organization of society as a whole, has
come to be completely divorced from the life of society, if you think of
society in terms of the human beings constituting society. The individual has
nothing to do with the State, that is, the political administration of his
society. It exists only in some central place, faraway, beyond the reach and
influence of the members of society, and from there makes decisions and imposes
its decisions and the people has no say in them.”(Page:61)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“The first need is to break in
our minds with the prejudice that power is the object of all politics, that
anybody who wants to participate in politics and achieve anything at all, must
have for his first and foremost object to come to power, on the assumption that
otherwise nothing can be done, and this is the whole of politics. Party
politics in our time is based on that assumption. Power must be captured in
some way or other, be it by constitutional or by violent means. All schools of
politics, revolutionary and otherwise, have that in common between them; they
all must fight to come to power first before they can do anything in pursuance
of their programmes. A party is organized with the object of capturing power.
It is done with the ostensibly plausible argument that some people know just
how society should be organized, and therefore the voters must vote for them so
that they come to power and impose the blessings they have in mind from above
on the people, who would otherwise never even think of those blessings, much
less achieve them on their own.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">That is why we say
that party politics implies the denial of democracy; it implies that people
cannot do anything by themselves; it is a denial of the potential intelligence
and creativity of all men, of the sovereignty of the people. Democracy is an
empty concept if sovereignty does not mean the ability of the people to do
things themselves. If there must always be some-body to do things for them, it
means the denial of the sovereignty of the people, the denial of the creativity
and the dignity of man.”(Pages:62, 63)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cfe2f3;">“Against the prejudice that
there can be no politics without parties and that parties can do nothing
without power, there are two propositions. Firstly, power is not the primary
object of politics; it is a means and there are other means; and secondly,
party politics leads to concentration of power and hence carries in it the germs
of the destruction of democracy. Political ends can be achieved without
capturing power. Politics can be practiced without a party organization. The
object of such a political practice will be to give the sovereign people the
opportunity of exercising its sovereignty, to persuade the people not to
surrender it by voting for anybody else expecting him to do the things they
want to be done, but to vote for themselves, and do things themselves. To do
those things being the function of government, by doing them themselves, they
will increasingly assume the functions of government, and thereby create a
government of the people and by the people.” (Page:63) </span><span style="color: white;"> </span><span style="color: white;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent4;">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">Politics Power And
Parties</span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #c27ba0;">M.N.Roy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #c27ba0;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ajanta Publications
India, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">Jawahar Nagar,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #c27ba0;">Delhi-110 007</span><i style="color: #1d1b11;"><span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-90243506238681464062012-09-02T00:42:00.001+05:302012-09-29T01:48:57.341+05:30RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM - XII<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">A Rational Critique of Marxism and
Communism - XII</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>Selections from the book:<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“New Humanism – A Manifesto” <i>by</i> M. N. Roy) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“As an economist, Marx was a critic. There is nothing of
social engineering or technology in his voluminous writings. Any planning of
the future was utopia, which he so severely condemned. While defending his “New
Economic Policy”, Lenin said that in the works of Marx there was not a word on
the economics of Socialism.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Nor did Marx write anything about post-revolutionary
political practice. He postulated proletarian dictatorship as the instrument
for breaking down the resistance of the dethroned bourgeoisie. What would
happen thereafter, how the post-revolutionary society would be politically
organized and administered – that again was all left to the operation of the
determined and yet incalculable forces of history. He evaded the political
issue by setting up the utopia of the State withering away”.(Page:11)</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The post-revolutionary political practice and economic
reconstruction in Russia have been purely pragmatic. They have no theoretical
foundation, no bearing upon the ideological system of Marxism. Therefore it is
arbitrary to call them Socialist or Communist. On the other hand, since the
prophet did not prescribe how the new order should be built, not held out any
picture even in broad outlines, the label can be attached to anything, and
nobody can prove that the Soviet State and Soviet economy are not
Communist”.(Page:12)</span></span></b></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></span></b></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The non-proletarian ‘periphery’ was
alienated, seriously weakening the Communist movement, which became completely
subservient to the pragmatism of the Soviet State. Its function was no longer
to promote world revolution, but to do whatever was necessary for the
opportunist policy of the new Russian National State, which claimed to be
Socialist.</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">The Communist International, forged as the instrument of
the coming world revolution, was the first victim of the crisis. It was torn
asunder by the contradictions between the problems of pre-revolutionary and
post-revolutionary Communisms; between the theory and practice of Communism. By
virtue of being the only party in power, the Russian Communists monopolized the
leadership of the International. The parties in other countries voluntarily
forfeited the freedom of reacting intelligently to the pre-revolutionary
conditions under which they had still to operate. The Russian Communists were
recognized as the authority not only of Communist practice, but also of theory.
Pragmatic practice under unforeseen post-revolutionary circumstances provided
the sanction for the dogmatic degeneration of the theoretical pre-suppositions
of Marxisms. The interest of the State established by the first proletarian
revolution militated against the possibility of world revolution. Socialism in
one country precluded the realization of the ideal of international communism.”(Pages:13,
14)</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The “economic man” is a liberal concept; and it is the
point of departure of the Marxian interpretation of history. The labour theory
of value is the corner-stone of Marxian economics. It was inherited from
Ricardo. The theory of surplus value was a logical deduction from the labour
theory of value. The idea of surplus value had, indeed, occurred to early
English Socialists, such as Gray, Hodgskin, Thompson and others. On the whole,
it cannot be denied that Marx drew upon the doctrines of classical English political
economy, which he so severely criticized. His was a truly constructive
criticism, the object of which was to free the criticized system of ideas from
its fallacies, so that its positive essence might be the foundation of a more
advanced theoretical structure. Adam Smith had expressed the view that “the
understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by their
ordinary employments”. The father of bourgeois political economy anticipated
the Marxian doctrine that man’s ideas are determined by the tools with which
they earn their livelihood.” (Page:19)</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The philosophical Radicals approached moral problems from
the individualist point of view. They disputed the morality of asking the
individual to sacrifice for the interests of society. Deprecating the virtues
of obedience and humility, they held that general prosperity and well-being were
promoted only by the defence of individual rights and interests. Moral order
resulted necessarily from an equilibrium
of interests. Running counter to his own Humanist conviction, marx, however, rejected
the liberating doctrine of individualism as a bourgeois abstraction.” (Page:20)</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The producer not receiving the full value of his labour
is not a peculiarity of the capitalist system. Social progress, particularly of
the capitalist system. Social progress, particularly, development of the means
of production, since the dawn of history, has been conditional upon the fact
that the entire product, at any time, of the labour of the community was not
consumed,. The margin can be called social surplus, which has through the ages
been the lever of all progress. What is called surplus value in Marxist
economic language, is the social surplus produced under capitalism.” Page:22)</span></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Economically, a demand for the abolition of surplus value
will be impractical, indeed suicidal. Social surplus will disappear if
production of surplus value is ever stopped; then, with the disappearance of
the lever of progress, society will stagnate and eventually break down. Ancient
civilizations disappeared owing to
inadequacy or shrinkage of social surplus.” (Page:22)</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpLast" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Blinking at the fact that production of
social surplus represents “exploitation” of labour, in the sense that the
producer does not get the full value of his labour, and disregarding the
consideration that under any economic system, if it is not to stagnate, surplus
must be produced, Marx held that under capitalism production of surplus value
represented exploitation of labour because it is appropriated by one class. As
a corollary to that fallacious view, he demanded that the class appropriation
of social surplus should stop; that expropriation of the expropriators was the
condition for the end of the exploitation of man by man.”(Page:23)</span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpFirst" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“No, revolution has not been betrayed. It has unfolded
itself according to the dogmas of the orthodox neo-Marxism of Lenin and Stalin.
The fallacies and inadequacies of the old philosophy of revolution are thus
exposed by experience to inspire efforts for blazing the trail of a new
revolutionary philosophy.”(Pages:24,25)</span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Society undoubtedly was always divided into
classes, and the classes had conflicting interests. But at the same time, there
was a cohesive tendency, which held society together. Otherwise,, it would have
disintegrated, time and again, and there would be no social evolution. The
refusal of the contemporary capitalist society to be polarized into two classes
according to Marxist prediction throws doubt on the theory of class struggle.
As regards the past, with some ingenuity, facts may be fitted into any
preconceived theoretical pattern.”(Page:25)</span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marxism certainly is wrong as regards the
role of the middle class in the capitalist society. The prophesy that the
middle class would disappear in course of time has not been borne out by
history. On the contrary, the intellectual and political importance of the
middle class proved to be decisive in the critical period ushered in by the
First World War, The concentration of the ownership of the means of production
in fewer hands necessarily enlarged the middle class. But all those who are
deprived of the privileges of capitalist exploitation are not proletarianised.
Economically, they may be so described; but in other matters of decisive
importance, such as culture and education, they remain a distinct social factor
capable of influencing events. As a matter of fact, between capital and labour,
the middle class numerically grows, potentially as an enemy of the status quo.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 16pt; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: left;">
<div style="font-size: 16pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Socialism, indeed, is a middle class ideology, Detached
from both the </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">antagonistic camps – of capital and labour – and possessed of the
requisite</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"> intellectual attainments, the middle class alone could produce
individuals</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">who saw beyond the clash of immediate economic interests and
conceived the possibility of a new order of social justice and harmony. The
decacy of capitalism economically ruined the middle class. The result was
quickening of their will for the subversion of the status quo, which made no
place for them, and the striving for a new order. Because of economic
destitution, the middle class was prepared to join the protetariat in the fight
for Socialism, by which they meant not State Capitalism, but a more equitable
social order. They were, however, not culturally proletarianised. They were
capable of appreciating cultural and moral values as the positive outcome of
human civilization, and would not sacrifice the precious heritage at the shrine
of the revolutionary Providence of economic determinism. The result was a split
of the forces of revolution. Marxist dogmatism attached supreme importance to
economic considerations. That, together with a cynical attitude to moral and
cultural values, alienated the middle class, seriously weakening the forces of
revolution intellectually. Selfish economism eclipsed the moral appeal of
Socialism.”(Page: 25, 26)</span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">12.“Lenin saw the mistake of ignoring the middle class,</span></b></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b></b></span></b></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">and tried to rectify it, but only in the field of
organization. In theory, the proletariat still remained the chosen people of
the Marxist world, Yet, while discussing the organizational problem of the
revolutionary party, Lenin admitted that the proletariat by themselves could
not develop a social-democratic consciousness, which must be brought to them
from outside – by middle – class intellectuals. Emphasising this significant
view, Lenin further said that, spontaneously, the working class did not become
Socialist, but trade unionist. That revealed the contradiction between Marxist
economism and the theory that the proletariat was the builder of the new order.</span></b></span></b></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b></span></b></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-weight: bold;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Lenin generalized his theory: Not only in Russia, but
everywhere, the working class was unable to work out an independent ideology;
it followed either the bourgeoisie or middle – class Socialist intellectuals.
That was a clear admission that the ideal of Socialism and the theory of the
proletarian revolution were not born out of the experience of the working
class; the one was conceived and the other created by middle – class
intellectuals. According to Marxism, the emotions and thoughts of the
middle-class intellectuals must have been determined by the experience of that
class. The glorification of the proletariat as the herald and builder of
Socialism was obviously unwarranted. The credit belongs to the middle – class,
which is so very woefully maligned and totally ignored in the orthodox Marxist
scheme of revolution.”(Pages:26,27)</span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Lenin corrected a mistake as regards
organization; but theoretically he was the most intolerant defender of orthodox
Marxism. He pointed out the ideological limitations of the proletariat with an
entirely different purpose – to expound his theory of party and its role. Since
Socialism had to be injected in the proletariat by middle – class
intellectuals, the party of the proletariat should be composed of professional
revolutionaries who, by the nature of things, could hail only from the middle-class.
Yet, theoretically, Lenin would not recognize the revolltionary significance of
the middle class. The result of his realistic evaluation of the working class
was to superimpose the party on the class which it claimed to represent. But in
no way was the party a part of the class. It was the self-appointed leader of
the class, incorporating its imaginary collective ego. Subsequently, the Fascists
made much of the “leadership” principle. But the dogmatic, uncompromising
Marxist Lenin was the theoretician of the principle which came to be the
cardinal article of faith of the Communist movement.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: left;">
<div style="font-size: 16pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">According to economic determinism, the proletariat must be
the most backward class, intellectually and culturally. Only after the
establishment of Socialism could the economic conditions of their life improve,
and the possibility of intellectual and cultural development be available to
them. Disregarding this clear implication of its theoretical presuppositions,
Marxism allots to the proletariat the honourable role of leading society
towards a higher civilization. The contradiction is palpable. Communist
practice has been vitiated by this theoretical contradiction. A way out of the
vicious circle has been found by compelling middle-class intellectuals to sink
to the intellectual and cultural level of the proletariat, as the price of the
leader-ship of the party.” (Pages:27, 28)</span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 16pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 800;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“There is no intellectual freedom in the Communist
movement; proud of its proletarian composition, it has no use for the
capitalist culture and bourgeois morality. But until now there is no other
culture and morality. Proletarian culture is a contradiction in terms; and the
cardinal principle of proletarian morality is that everything is fair in love
and war; the working class is in the thick of a civil war-the worst of all
wars; the end justifies the means. The Communist Party is admittedly amoral,
and takes a cynical attitude to cultural values. That is hardly an inspiring
leadership for the contemporary world engaged in a struggle for the salvation
of the total heritage of human civilization, which alone can be the foundation
of a new order of greater freedom and higher culture. Caught in the throes of a
moral crisis, the civilized world is looking out for a better leadership with a
more rational attitude towards the problems to be solved, and a nobler
philosophy.”(Pages:28,29)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 800;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
</span></b></span><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"></span></b></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="right" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30pt; text-align: right;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: justify;">
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b></span></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The proletariat by itself is not a
revolutionary force. The ideal of a new order may have an appeal for it. But
intellectual and cultural backwardness does not permit it, as a class, to have
a long – distance view. Originally, Marxism took this basic fact into account
and set up the doctrine that the historical necessity of revolution was felt by
the class-conscious vanguard of the proletariat, which was to constitute the
revolutionary party.</span></b><br />
</span><br />
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">The dogma of an uncompromising class struggle, and the
false expectation of a polarization of society into two classes, moved
exclusively by economic incentives, led Marx and Lenin, particularly the
latter, to visualize revolution taking place through an insurrection engineered
by the so-called vanguard of the proletariat, to be followed by its
dictatorship over the people. This theory not only defeats its purpose, as
proved by the Russian experience, by creating a new system of political
domination, cultural regimentation and economic enslavement, but the uniform
failure of Communists all over the world, after their accidental success in
Russia, proves its utter inadequacy even as a technique for the capture of
power.”(Pages:29,30)</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Scientific inventions since the days of
Marx have vastly increased the military might and coercive strength of the
existing States, and have rendered the idea of a minority-insurrection
impracticable and out of date. On the other hand, by virtue of their class
ideology and their failure to offer anything more inspiring than proletarian
dictatorship, the Communists were unable to gather together in one movement all
the progressive and revolutionary forces; they remained a sectarian and
dogmatic body. Even in relation to the proletariat, the Communist Parties
failed to attract the culturally more advanced section, which largely remained
attached to older Social – Democratic Parties. Consequently, the revolutionary
appeal of Marxism was addressed largely to the most backward strata of society.
Finally, Stalin went to the extent of declaring that the unemployed and the
unorganized were the most revolutionary social force.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">The proletariat could not make the expected revolution;
nor did the mystic forces of history unfold themselves cataclysmically, as
predicted. But revolution, that is to say, radical reconstruction of society,
remains a pressing need of our time, felt by a much larger section of society,
and more keenly and consciously, than the proletariat. The urge for a new order
is a reaction of the threat for the destruction of the values of civilization.
Naturally, it is felt more acutely by those who can appreciate and cherish those
values. But a new philosophy of revolution, suitable for our age, is yet to
arise as the beacon light for civilized humanity. The new philosophy must be
able to destroy what remains of the moral sanction of the status quo, by providing
an idea of a new social order to inspire all those disgusted with the present
state of affairs. It must also indicate new ways of revolution appropriate to
the needs of the time. While the concrete steps for social transformation must
differ from place to place in accordance with prevailing conditions, the
movement for freedom, if it is to succeed, must out-grow its sectarian class
character and be inspired by the Humanist spirit and cosmopolitan outlook. It
must, further, take the initiative of organizing the people into democratic
bodies to provide the basis of the post-revolutionary order.”(Pages:30,31)</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; line-height: 115%;">17. “The bourgeoisie versus the proletariat, capital
versus labour, is no longer the central issue; indeed, it has never been,
although it has been, and still is, an issue to be settled. The conflict of our
age is between totalitarianism and democracy, between the all-devouring
collective ego – nation or class – and the individual struggling for freedom.
Continuation of the capitalist order demands substitution of Liberalism by
Fascism, in practice, if not as yet in profession. On the other hand Communism
in practice has also established a totalitarian regime, under which all the
aspects of life are rigorously regimented. For the moment, the perspective of
the fight for freedom looks like the legendary struggle between David and
Goliath. But man will once again destroy the Frakenstein of his creation, and
tame the Leviathan.” (Page: 31)</span></span></b></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #9fc5e8;">
</span></div>
</div>
<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span">(To be continued</span><span class="Apple-style-span">)</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">'New Humanism - A Manifesto',</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">M.N.Roy,</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">RENAISSANCE
PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LTD,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">15,
BANKIM CHATTERJEE STREET, CALCUTTA -12,</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">(First Edition :
August 1947,</span></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3; font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Second Edition :
August 1957,</span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3; font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3; font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Reprint : December 1961,</span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3; font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3; font-size: 21px;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The above quotations
from : July 1974 reprint.)</span></i></span></div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05154856240418847398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5875071528595449139.post-22689020799970842042012-08-28T13:57:00.001+05:302012-09-29T01:14:58.089+05:30RATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM - XI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: cyan;">A Rational Critique of Marxism and
Communism - XI</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">(Selections from the book:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">Reason, Romanticism and Revolution:
M. N. Roy) </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“Marx and Engels took over from Hegel much more than “the
revolutionary side of his philosophy”. The dialectic process of history can
never be independent of the dynamics of thought. Therefore, the founders of
dialectical Materialism inherited from Hegel a considerable element of Idealism
together with the dialectical method. The feat of having reversed Hegelian
dialectics so as to manufacture Materialism out of Idealism was a figment of
imagination. As a matter of fact, there is little of essential difference
between Hegel’s idealistic conception of the evolutionary process of history
and the Marxist doctrine of historical determinism. Hegel’s philosophy of
history was essentially humanist. The dynamic concept of the Idea in dialectic
relation to nature and history showed the escape out of the vicious circle of
metaphysical speculations, and provided a basis for action with high ideals,
for participation in the affairs of the secular world with the object of
remaking it, and with the conviction that the thinking man had the power to do
so”. (Pages: 376, 377)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Rational Idealism, as distinct from theology and
teleology, was logically bound to culminate in materialist monism; similarly,
materialist philosophy must include recognition of the objective reality of
ideas, with their own dynamics, if it is not to degenerate into vulgarity, or
relapse into Newtonian natural philosophy, which makes room even for an
anthropomorphic God”.(Page: 377)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The philosophical foundation of Marxism (dialectical
Materialism) was laid in the years preceding the publication of the <i>communist Manifesto</i>. During that period
Marx, ably seconded by Engels, carried on a bitter controversy with the Young
Hegelians and the philosophical Radicals who called themselves “German
Socialists” – all disciples of Feuerbach. In that controversy, which has become
an integral part of the Marxist system, its founders defended Hegel against all
his pupils who represented the materialistic and naturalist tendencies in his system
against his mystic Idealism.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">The implication of Hegel’s memorable reference to the
French Revolution as the first effort of man to be guided by reason (*) was put
in plain language by Heine. All the Hegelian Radicals – Young Hegelians and
German Socialists – enthusiastically hailed the poet’s discovery of revolutionary
implication of their master’s teachings. Heine declared: If we can weaken
people’s faith in religions and traditions, we will make Germany a political force.”
The spirit of the Renaissance at last challenged the deep-rooted influence of
the Reformation in Germany. David Strauss, Feuerbach, the Baur brothers, Moses
Hess. Gutzkow, Mundt, Karl Gruen, Czolbe and a whole host of radical thinkers
followed Hegel’s lead.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">In the earlier years of his career until he chose to
assume the role of the prophet of an inevitable revolution, Marx also belonged
to that distinguished company. In those early days, he believed that an
industrially and politically backward country like Germany in the middle of the
nineteenth century could contribute nothing to the advance of European
civilization except a philosophical understanding of human aspirations and
historical processes, Yet, later on, he bitterly attacked the German Socialists
exactly for holding this view.”(Pages: 384, 385)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“It was Feuerbach who first revolted against Hegelian
idealism and blazed a new trail. He is generally recognized in the history of
philosophy as the pioneer of the nineteenth century materialist revival. David Strauss
shares the honour with him. Feuerbach was the first to reject the Hegelian
conception of the dialectical process of history as the self- realisation of
the Absolute Idea. Searching for the origin of idea, which undoubtedly was the
motive power of history, Feuerbach located it in social anthropology. He came
to the conclusion that physical nature preceded spirit; that thought was
determined by being, “I do not generate the object from the thought, but the
thought from the object’ and I hold that alone to be an object which has an
existence beyond one’s own brain.” Feuerbach’s <i>Philosophy of the Future,</i> therefore, came to be known as
dialectical Materialism as against the dialectical Idealism of Hegel.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Though recognized as the founder of dialectical
Materialism, Feuerbach would be more correctly described as an expounder of
sensationalism of the eighteenth century tradition. He broadened the basis of
sensibility by placing man in the context of nature as its integral part. In
other words, he revived Humanism, and found the incentive in the Hegelian
system. “The new philosophy makes man, including nature as the basis of man,
the one universal and highest object of philosophy.” (Pages: 386, 387)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marx’s criticism of Feuerbach and his followers, as
recorded in the unpublished manuscript now issued with the title <i>“German Ideology”,</i> is very fragmentary
and incoherent. His only bias, at that time, (between 1844 and 1848), was to
prove that Hegel was great and Karl Marx his only prophet; to deny that
Socialism required any philosophical justification; and to disprove that there
was any historical connection between the French Enlightenment and the post-Hegelian
philosophical Radicalism.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">That is how Marx began his ideological war. His completely
negative attitude to the positive outcome of the Hegelian era is remarkable
because it betrays a woeful lack of historical sense. His failure to grasp the
historical significance of the religious mode of thought is also surprising.
Because of that defect in his historical sense, Marx was unable to appreciate
the importance of religious criticism. Religion provided the moral sanction for
the continuation of the political and social <i>status quo.</i> To undermine its authority, therefore, was a
revolutionary act of fundamental significance. The Young Hegelians did that.
But Marx failed to appreciate the revolutionary significance of their bold
attack on religious tradition and ecclesiastical orthodoxy. He scornfully dismissed
their endeavour, which was a precondition for the revolt against the
established order incited by Marx in the Communist Manifesto. “The entire body
of German philosophical criticism from Strauss to Striner is confined to
criticism of religious conceptions.” [Karl Max, German Ideology] Undoubtedly,
it was so, and therein lies the importance of the intellectual efforts of the
Hegelian Radicals. In the tradition of the Renaissance, they raised the
standard of a philosophical revolution, which was to create the ideological
preconditions for political and social revolution. But Marx did not really believe
that man was the maker of his destiny; his view of history and social evolution
was essentially teleological, fatalistic. Therefore, he combated Feurbach’s
Humanism disseminated by his followers who called themselves “true Socialists”,
and developed by a succession of brilliant scientists.” (Pages: 389, 390)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“To fight philosophical Radicalism which approached the
problems of political revolutions and social reconstruction from the humanist
point of view, Marx was compelled to defend his French and English forerunners
of Socialism, whom he later on ridiculed as utopians.”(Page: 391)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Marx rejected Feuerbach’s humanist Materialism on the
ground that it regarded man as an isolated individual. The criticism was
entirely uncalled for. “The individual man by himself does not contain the
nature of man in himself, either in himself as a moral or as a thinking being.
The nature of man is contained only in the community, in the unity of man with
man. Isolation is finiteness and limitation; community is freedom and
finality.”[Feuerbach, Philosophie der Zukunft]. This is clear enough to prove
that Feuerbach’s Humanism did not deny the necessity of organization; but being
the logical outcome of man’s age long struggle for freedom, it would not
subordinate the sovereign individual, the creator of the civilized society, to
his creation, to an imaginary collective ego of the community. While Feuerbach
really went further than Hegel, Marx took over his organic conception of
society, which denies the possibility of individual freedom.”(Pages : 391, 392)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The essence of religion is primitive rationalism; man
creates gods as hypotheses for an explanation of natural phenomena. Because man
is rational by nature, rationalism is the essence of man. To have discovered
this real essence of man was a great advance in the struggle for freedom. The
aggregate of social relations presupposes existence of individuals, who entered
into relation. They did that because of their essence of rationality; obsessed
with the Hegelian organic conception of society, Marx ignored the self-evident
truth that society is an association of individuals. That obsession led him to
take society as simply given, as if by Providence, and regard social relations
as the ultimate reality. Social relations result from the activities of
individuals constituting the society. Being human creations, they can be
altered by man. Human will and human action are the primary factors of social
existence.” (Page: 392)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“In its formative stage, Marxism was a defence of Hegelian
Idealism as against the materialist naturalism which the Young Hegelians and
the philosophical Radicals deduced from the system of the Master. The
fascination for dialectics drove youthful Marx to reject the scientific
naturalism of the eighteenth century as mechanical and unhistorical. The
implication of his criticism was that the Enlightenment did not take a
fatalistic view of history, but recognized the creative role of man.”(Page:
393)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“In his controversy with the Young Hegelians and the
followers of Feuerbach, Marx allowed no place to mental activity in the process
of social evolution; indeed not even in the process of development of man
himself. “Man can be distinguished from animals by consciousness, by religion,
or anything else you like. They themselves begin to distinguish themselves from
animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence – a step
which is conditioned by their physical organization.” [Karl Max, German
Ideology]. The brain indeed is a part of the physical organization; and
sensation and perception can be explained as physical functions. But conceptual
thought is a purely mental phenomenon, and it distinguishes the most primitive
man from the highest animal. The discovery of fire might have been an
accidental physical act without any thought. But subsequent application of fire
for the purposes of the most primitive human existence presupposes mental
activity. Therefore, even a nodding acquaintance with anthropology should not
permit the assertion quoted above.” (Page : 393)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“On the authority of Hegelian Idealism, (#) Marx denied
that there was anything stable in human nature, and asserted that human nature
is the ensemble of social relations. “The eighteenth century idea of human
nature was defective; traditionally, it was deduced from the doctrine of
Natural Law; scientifically, it was based upon pre-Darwinian biology, which
still believed in unchanging species, and the classical <i>dictum natura non facet saltus.</i> Marx not only rejected it, but also
combated Darwinian gradualism, which contradicted his theory of revolution. The
rejection of the eighteenth century belief in human nature thus was not brought
about by a greater biological knowledge, but on the authority of Hegelian
idealism.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Marx found in Hegelian dialectics philosophical support
for his theory of revolution. Therefore, dialectics became his sole criterion
for judging all other philosophies; and dialectics is admittedly an idealistic
conception. Revolutions are not brought about by men; they take place of
necessity, that is to say, are predetermined. The dialectical Materialism of
Marx, therefore, is Materialist only in name; dialectics being its cornerstone,
it is essentially an idealistic system. No wonder that it disowned the heritage
of the eighteenth century scientific naturalism and fought against the humanist
Materialism of Feuerbach and his followers.”(Pages : 394, 395)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“Man, according to Marx, being a physical organization,
his relation to matter is the relation of one material entity to other material
entities. Where does consciousness and intelligence appear in the interaction
of dead matter? In other words, what makes man different from a lump of dead
matter? Begging all these crucial questions, which materialism must answer to
be convincing, Marx simply takes man for granted as an elementary undefinable,
as the “personification” of the Hegelian Absolute Idea.”(Page : 395)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">“The “economic man”, whose appearance coincides with the
production of his means of subsistence, may be nothing more than the ensemble
of social relations. But the human species has a much older history, which
vanishes in the background of the process of subhuman biological evolution.
Marx entirely ignored that entire process of the becoming of man before he
entered into social relations. Consequently, Marx knows nothing of the human
nature which underlies the ensemble of social relations, and induces men to
enter into those relations.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">That substratum of human nature is stable; otherwise the
world of men could not be differentiated from the world of animals, ruled by
the laws of the jungle. That rock bottom of human nature antedates the economic
and political organization of society. The origin of mind is tobe traced in his
physical and biological history. In that sense mental activities are determined
in the earlier stages by physical existence and thereafter by social
conditions. But the becoming of man involves the parallel process of mental and
physical activities. The relation between the two is not that of causality, but
of priority. From primitive consciousness mind evolves in the context of a
biological organism. The latter being an organization of matter, the priority
of being must be conceded to matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">Marx did not carry the analysis of mental phenomena far
enough, beyond the dawn of social history. Therefore, on the one hand, his
Materialism is dogmatic, unscientific and, on the other hand, the negation of a
constant element in human nature leads to the negation of morality. Without the
recognition of some permanent values, no ethics is possible. If they are not to
be found in human nature, morality must have a transcendental sanction. The
choice for Marxist Materialism, therefore, was between the negation of abiding
moral values and relapse into religion. Theoretically, it chose the first,
although in practice dogmatism eventually also put on it a stamp of religious
fanaticism.” (Pages : 395, 396)</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">Notes:-</span></u></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(*) “For the first time since the sun appeared in the
heavens, and the planets began to revolve around it, man took up his stand as
thinking animal and began to base his view of the world on reason” (Hegel).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .75in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">“As a student, he shared with Schelling a highly critical
attitude towards the political and ecclesiastical lassitude of his country and
subscribed to the doctrine of liberty and reason. There is a story that after
the battle of Jena, the two young enthusiasts, Schelling and Hegel, one morning
went out to the neighbouring forest and danced around a “tree of liberty” which
they had planted there”.(Pp-374, Pp-375, RRR)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt;">(#) “There is nothing which is not an intermediate
position between being and non-being.” (Hegel). (Pp-398, RRR) </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;">(to be
continued)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">Reason
Romanticism and Revolution</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">M.N.Roy</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 2.5gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">Ajanta
Books International,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">L
– UB, Jawahar Nagar,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">Bungalow
Road<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8e7cc3;">Delhi
- 110007</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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