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Showing posts with label Atheism and Human Rights. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Atheism and Human Rights. Show all posts

Sunday, December 4, 2011

Philosophical Background of Human Rights Activism




a\pjymhImi {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ ZmÀi\nI `qanI

A_vZp aPoZv. bp.]n.

        am\hnIX, aX\nct]£X, hyànhmZw, P\m[n]Xyw F¶o Bib§sfÃmw B[p\nIXbnte¡pÅ hn`n¶ hmXn¸SnIfpw ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸«hbpamWv. a\pjy hyànbpsS A´Êpw kzmX{´yhpw ]ca{][m\ambn ]cnKWn¡p¶ ZÀ\amWv am\hnIX. B[p\nIX cmj{Saoamwkbv¡p \ÂInb kw`mh\bmWv P\m[n]Xyw F¶p Xncn¨dnbpt¼msg ChnsS P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ t]cn \S¡p¶ {]lk\§fpw AXnsâ kwhn[m\§fp]tbmKn¨pXs¶ AXns\ XIÀ¡m³ \S¡p¶ {ia§fpsS IpSneXbpw hyàamIq. PvRmt\mZb {]Øm\¯nsâ ASnØm\amWv bpànhmZhpw ]co£WmXvaI imkv{Xhpw. ChsbÃmw bqtdm]y³ \thm°m\ {]Øm\¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpsS `mKambn a\pjycmin¡p e`n¨ ]ptcmKa\ NmeI§fmWv.
            hnZqc`qXIme¯n \nebpd¸n¡mt\m AXn\p kam\amb kmlNcyw krjvSns¨Sp¡mt\m XnI¨pw A   bpànIambn B{Kln¡p¶ iànIÄ \ap¡nSbn A\h[nbmWv.aX§fpsS,I£ncmjv{Sob¯nsâ, D¯cm[p\nIXt]mepÅ Akw_Ô kwPvRIfpsSsbÃmw thjme¦mc§tfmsS Ah \thm°m\ {]Øm\¯nsâ D¯aamb kw`mh\IsfsbÃmw A]lkn ¡m\pw \in¸n¡m\pw AXphgn `mhn I\¯ AÔImc¯ntâXm¡n amäm\pw BIpwhn[saÃmw {ian¨p sIm­WvSncn¡p¶ AhØbmWv. apgph³ iànbpw km[yXIfpw D]tbmKn¨v B[p\nIXbpsS al¯mb aqey§Ä kwc£n¡m\pw hn]pes¸Sp¯m\pw  X¿mdmbnsæn a²yIme bqtdm¸n tâXmbn \mw hmbn¨dnª AÔXtb¡mÄ ITn\hpw {Iqchpamb Hcp ImeL«¯nte¡v \mw hgpXnhoWpt]mtb¡pw. ka{Km[n]Xy¯nsâ  sISpXnIfn \n¶pw P\§sf tamNn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw ^mknk¯nsâ ]qÀ®hpw \Kv\hpamb cwK {]thiw Akm[yam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶Xn\pw a\pjymhImi§sf¡pdn¨pÅ icnbmb t_m[w ]ptcmKa\hmZnIÄs¡Ãmw D­WvSmbncn¡Ww.
            AÔhnizmknItfm, hÀ¤obhmZnItfm, `oIchmZ {]Øm\§fpsS DÑnjvSw `£n¨p Ignbp¶htcm Bb tIkpw ^okpanÃm¯ h¡oe·msc GÂ]n¨v a\pjymhImi§Ä kwc£n¡m\mhnÃ. NneÀ a\pjymhImi§sf¡pdn¨p kwkmcn¡p¶XptI«m ImelcWw h¶ Nne thZ{KÙ§fnse hcnIÄ am{´nIambn _lpP\ {]Øm\cq]w ]qWvSv {]Xy£ambncn¡bmsW¶v tXm¶pw. aäp NneÀ¡v X§fpsS I£ncmjv{Sob \ne]mSn \n¶pfhmIp¶ aqVXIÄ {]N cn¸n¡m\pÅ  Hcp thZnbmbn D]tbmKn¡m\pÅXmWv a\pjymhImi {]Øm\w.
            Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ ZmÀi\nIamb XpSÀ¨bpsS bYmÀ° AhIminIÄ ]t£, Cu hn[ kwLS\Isfm¶pw X§fpsS t\XrXz¯ntem \nb{´W¯ntem Bhiyanà F¶ IpäIcamb Aew`mh¯nemWv. a\pjymhImi§Ä F¶ {]tbmKhpw AXn\p \nZm\amb {]Øm\¯nsâ khntijXIfpw ]Tn¨pd¸n¨v bYmÀ°  a\pjymhImi {]Øm\w cq]s¸Sm\mhiyamb Hcp klNcyw  krjvSn¡m³ bpànhmZnIÄ¡v _m[yXbpWvSv. B[p\nI cmjvSaoamwkbpsS Ncn{Xhpw khntijXIfpw kzmb¯am¡msX P\m[n]Xy kwkv¡mc¯nsâ kZv^e§fn ]eXpw \ntj[n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ \ncoizchmZnIÄ¡pw bpànhmZnIÄ¡pw ktµlhmZnIÄ¡pw X\nabpÅ atXXchmZnIÄ¡pw imkv{Xobamtbm ^e{]Zamtbm {]hÀ¯n¡m\mInÃ.
            a\pjy Pohnsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw kÀÆ{][m\amb aqeyamWv AXnPoh\w. \ne\nÂ]n\pth­WvSnbpÅ t]mcm«¯n \n¶mWv Ah³ A\p`h§Ä kamlcn¡p¶Xv  PohnX¯nsâ A\p`h§sf hniIe\w  sNbvXp a\Ênem¡m³, AXphgn Adnhv kamlcn¡m³ bpànt_m[w a\pjys\ klmbn¡p¶p \ne\nÂ]n\pth­WvSnbpÅ t]mcm«¯nsâ IqSpX DbÀ¶ Hcp cq]w Xs¶bmWv kzmX{´y¯n\pth­WvSnbpÅ Xzc. AdnhphÀ²n¡p¶Xn\\pkcn¨v aqey§fpsS BhiyIXbpw ]ckv]c_Ôhpw aäw kw_Ôn¨ [mcWIfnepw hnImkapWvS mIpw. [mÀanI aqey§Ä¡v Hcp {]kànbpw IÂ]n¡m¯ Hcp kaqlw \ne\n¡pIbnÃ.  AXn\m hyànbpsS \ne\nÂ]n\p Xs¶ B[mcamIp¶p [mÀ½nIX. Cu AÀ°¯n PvRm\{]t_m[nXamb kzmÀ° XmÂ]cyamWv kZmNmcw F¶p ]dbmd pWvSv. [mÀ½nIt_m[t¯msS Pohn¡p¶Xv kzmX{´yt_m[¯n\p \nc¡p¶XsÃt¶m kZmNmc \nba§Ä X§fpsS kzmX{´ys¯  l\n¡p¶psht¶m bpànhmZnIÄ IcpXp¶nÃ.
            kzm`mhnIambpw DbÀ¶ kmwkv¡mcnI \nehmc¯n F¯n F¶v A`nam\n¡p¶ B[p\nI a\pjy³ a\pjymhImi§Ä kwc£n¡p¶Xn\p \nZm\ambn kzoIcnt¡­ Wv{]amW§Ä Fs´Ãmw Bbncn¡Ww?
            a\pjysâ klPamb KpWamWv bpànt_m[w. F¶m Cu bpànt_m[s¯ th­WvShn[¯n {]tbmKn¡mt\m hyàn¡pw kaql¯n\pw Bhiyamb hn[¯n {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯mt\m ]eÀ¡pw Ignbp¶nÃ. C§s\ XSÊap ­  WvSm¡p¶Xn kp{][m\ ]¦v aX§Ä¡pw A[nImcØm]\§Ä¡papWvS ­v.
            temIalmbp²§fpsS A\p`h§fn \n¶pw ]mTw ]Tn¨ Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nse kpa\ÊpIÄ a\pjysâ A´Êpw kzmX{´yhpw kwc£n¡p¶Xn\v BtKmfmSnØm\¯n Xs¶ Iq«mb Nn´bpw {]hÀ¯\hpw BhiyamsW¶v IcpXn. Hcp a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\w ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xn\p klmbI amI¯¡hn[¯n Hcp IcSptcJ X¿mdm¡pIbp­mbn. a\pjymhImi§sf¡pdn¨v BtKmf [mcW hym]n¸n¡p¶Xn\p klmbIamb s]mXp\nZm\§Ä Is­WvS¯p¶Xn\v bps\kvt¡m (hnZym`ymk¯n\pw kwkvImc¯n\pambpÅ sFIycmjv{S k`bpsS kwLS\) hnhn[ Nn´IÀ¡pw Fgp¯pImÀ¡pw Hcp tNmZymhen Ab¨psImSp¯p. hyXyØamb kmwkv¡mcnI, aX, cmjv{Sob  ]mc¼cy§fn \n¶v s]mXphmb Hcp a\pjymhImi `mj cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSpt¡WvSXpWvS­mbncp¶p.a\pjymhImi §fpsS Hcp ]«nI cq]s¸Sp¯m³ AhÀ¡p Ignªp.
            BapJhpw ]Xns\m¶p {]amW§fpw AS§p¶ IcSptcJbpsS ASnØm\¯n \S¶ NÀ¨IfpsS ^eambmWv C¶p \mw Adnbp¶ a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\w AwKoIcn¡s¸«Xv. AXnsâsbm¶pw {]kàn a\Ênem¡m³ X¿mdnÃm¯ Ncn{X iànIÄ \½psS kaql¯nepw {]hÀ¯\£aamWv. BtKmfmSnØm\¯n bpànhmZ kwkv¡mcw C\nbpw Gsd hym]n¡m\pw ]pjvSns¸Sm\pw DWvS ­v. AXn\m Xs¶ Hcp {]amWtcJ {]kn²oIcn¡p¶XpsIm­WvSp am{Xw a\pjymhImi§Ä kwc£n¡s¸Spw F¶p IcpXpI h¿. am{XaÃ, IcSptcJbpsS kwbpàamb {]amW§Ä AtX]Sn AwKoIcn¡m³ {]bmkapÅ cmjv{S§Ä C¶pw temIcmPy §Ä¡nSbn DWvS ­vv. CXn\À°w a\pjymhImi {]hÀ¯IÀ¡v t\cntSWvSnhcp¶Xv X§fpsS `cWIqS¯nsâ `mK¯p \n¶phcp¶ ASn¨aÀ¯epIsf am{XaÃ, BtKmfmSnØm\¯n hntZi`cWIqS§fpsS  klmbt¯msS {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ On{ZiànIÄs¡Xncmbn«pIqSnbmbncn¡pw F¶XmWv. tIcf¯n kXy¯n\p thWvSn ]cn{ian¡p¶ \nÀ½ecmb hyànIÄ Cu hkvXpX Xncn¨dnªp XpS§.
            a\pjymhImi {]hÀ¯\¯n\p \nZm\ambncnt¡WvS      ASnØm\tcJsb¶ \nebn IcSp{]Jym]\w `mjm´cw sNbvXv aebmfnIÄ¡nSbn {]Ncn¸nt¡­WvSXv A\nhmcyambncn¡p¶p. kam\ Nn´mKXn¡mÀ¡nSbn CXv hn]peambn NÀ¨IÄ¡v AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿m³ FÃm aX\nct]£hmZnIfpw ]camh[n  ]cn{iant¡­WvSXpWvS ­v.